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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1. Development: A Definition. The orderly and sequential changes that occur with the passage of time as an organism moves from conception to death. The Major Concerns of Science. 1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control . Major Domains of Development.

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INTRODUCTION

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  1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1

  2. Development: A Definition • The orderly and sequential changes that occur with the passage of time as an organism moves from conception to death.

  3. The Major Concerns of Science 1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control

  4. Major Domains of Development 1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Emotional -social

  5. The Processes of Development 1. Growth 2. Maturation 3. Learning

  6. Context of Development • ECOLOGICAL APPROACH (Bronfenbrenner) 1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem

  7. Timing of Developmental Events • Normative Age-graded Influences • Normative History-graded Influences • Non-normative Life Events

  8. Cultural Variability • Culture: Social heritage of a people. • Learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting transmitted from one generation to the next.

  9. Changing Conceptions of Age • Infancy • Childhood • Adolescence • Adulthood • Old age

  10. Connecting Historical “Areas of Concern” • Turn of the 20th Century • The 1950’s and 1960’s • Contemporary Issues • Back to the Future

  11. The Nature of Developmental Research

  12. The Scientific Method • Select a researchable problem • Formulate a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis • Draw conclusions about the hypothesis • Make the findings of the study available to the scientific community

  13. Research: Longitudinal Method • Scientists study the SAME individuals at different points in their lives.

  14. Cross-Sectional Method • Investigates development by simultaneously comparing DIFFERENT groups of persons varying in age.

  15. Sequential Methods • Measuring more than one cohort over time.

  16. Experimental Method • Experiment: Study in which the investigator manipulates one or more variables and measures the resulting changes in the other variables to attempt to determine the cause of a specific behavior

  17. Experimental Method • Independent Variable • Extraneous Variables • Experimental Group • Control Group • Dependent Variable • Limitations

  18. Case-Study Method • The accumulation of developmental information of a single individual.

  19. Social Survey Method • Researchers ask questions to a sample of individuals who are representative of the population of individuals likely to be affected • Random sampling

  20. Naturalistic Observation • Researchers intensively watch and record behavior as it occurs. • Modifications: a. Time Sampling b. Event Sampling

  21. Cross-Cultural Studies • Researchers compare data from two or more societies and cultures.

  22. Research Analysis

  23. Correlational Analysis • Degree to which two or more behaviors are associated with each other • Does not prove causation • Can be used for predictive purposes

  24. Correlation Coefficient • Numerical expression of the degree or extent of relationship between two variables or conditions.

  25. Ethical Standards for Human Development Research • Respect and concern for the dignity and welfare of participants • Informed consent • Right to privacy

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