Lecture Presentation Software to accompany Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Seventh Edition by Frank K. Re

1. Lecture Presentation Softwareto accompanyInvestment Analysis and Portfolio ManagementSeventh Editionby Frank K. Reilly & Keith C. Brown Chapter 19

2. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds Questions to be answered: • How do you determine the value of a bond based on the present value formula? • What are the alternative bond yields that are important to investors?

3. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds • How do you compute the following major yields on bonds: current yield, yield to maturity, yield to call, and compound realized (horizon) yield? • What are spot rates and forward rates and how do you calculate these rates from a yield to maturity curve? • What is the spot rate yield curve and forward rate curve?

4. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds • How and why do you use the spot rate curve to determine the value of a bond? • What are the alternative theories that attempt to explain the shape of the term structure of interest rates? • What factors affect the level of bond yields at a point in time? • What economic forces cause changes in bond yields over time?

5. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds • When yields change, what characteristics of a bond cause differential price changes for individual bonds? • What is meant by the duration of a bond, how do you compute it, and what factors affect it? • What is modified duration and what is the relationship between a bond’s modified duration and its volatility?

6. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds • What is effective duration and when is it useful? • What is the convexity for a bond, how do you compute it, and what factors affect it? • Under what conditions is it necessary to consider both modified duration and convexity when estimating a bond’s price volatility?

7. Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds • What happens to the duration and convexity of bonds that have embedded call options?

8. What are effective duration and effective convexity and when are they useful? What is empirical duration and how is it used with common stocks and other assets? What are the static yield spread and the option-adjusted spread? Chapter 19 - The Analysis and Valuation of Bonds

9. The Fundamentals of Bond Valuation The present-value model Where: Pm=the current market price of the bond n = the number of years to maturity Ci= the annual coupon payment for bond i i = the prevailing yield to maturity for this bond issue Pp=the par value of the bond

10. If yield < coupon rate, bond will be priced at a premium to its par value If yield > coupon rate, bond will be priced at a discount to its par value Price-yield relationship is convex (not a straight line) The Fundamentals of Bond Valuation

11. The Yield Model The expected yield on the bond may be computed from the market price Where: i = the discount rate that will discount the cash flows to equal the current market price of the bond

12. Computing Bond Yields Yield Measure Purpose Nominal Yield Measures the coupon rate Current yield Measures current income rate Promised yield to maturity Measures expected rate of return for bond held to maturity Promised yield to call Measures expected rate of return for bond held to first call date Measures expected rate of return for a bond likely to be sold prior to maturity. It considers specified reinvestment assumptions and an estimated sales price. It can also measure the actual rate of return on a bond during some past period of time. Realized (horizon) yield

13. Nominal Yield Measures the coupon rate that a bond investor receives as a percent of the bond’s par value

14. Current Yield Similar to dividend yield for stocks Important to income oriented investors CY = Ci/Pm where: CY = the current yield on a bond Ci = the annual coupon payment of bondi Pm = the current market price of the bond

15. Promised Yield to Maturity • Widely used bond yield figure • Assumes • Investor holds bond to maturity • All the bond’s cash flow is reinvested at the computed yield to maturity Solve for i that will equate the current price to all cash flows from the bond to maturity, similar to IRR

16. Computing the Promised Yield to Maturity Two methods • Approximate promised yield • Easy, less accurate • Present-value model • More involved, more accurate

17. Approximate Promised Yield Coupon + Annual Straight-Line Amortization of Capital Gain or Loss Average Investment =

18. Present-Value Model

19. Promised Yield to CallApproximation • May be less than yield to maturity • Reflects return to investor if bond is called and cannot be held to maturity Where: AYC = approximate yield to call (YTC) Pc= call price of the bond Pm = market price of the bond Ct= annual coupon payment nc = the number of years to first call date

20. Promised Yield to CallPresent-Value Method Where: Pm= market price of the bond Ci = annual coupon payment nc = number of years to first call Pc = call price of the bond

21. Realized Yield Approximation Where: ARY = approximate realized yield to call (YTC) Pf= estimated future selling price of the bond Ci= annual coupon payment hp = the number of years in holding period of the bond

22. Realized YieldPresent-Value Method

23. Calculating Future Bond Prices Where: Pf= estimated future price of the bond Ci = annual coupon payment n = number of years to maturity hp = holding period of the bond in years i = expected semiannual rate at the end of the holding period

24. Yield Adjustments for Tax-Exempt Bonds Where: T = amount and type of tax exemption

25. What Determines Interest Rates • Inverse relationship with bond prices • Forecasting interest rates • Fundamental determinants of interest rates i = RFR + I + RP where: • RFR = real risk-free rate of interest • I = expected rate of inflation • RP = risk premium

26. What Determines Interest Rates • Effect of economic factors • real growth rate • tightness or ease of capital market • expected inflation • or supply and demand of loanable funds • Impact of bond characteristics • credit quality • term to maturity • indenture provisions • foreign bond risk including exchange rate risk and country risk

27. What Determines Interest Rates • Term structure of interest rates • Expectations hypothesis • Liquidity preference hypothesis • Segmented market hypothesis • Trading implications of the term structure

28. Any long-term interest rate simply represents the geometric mean of current and future one-year interest rates expected to prevail over the maturity of the issue Expectations Hypothesis

29. Long-term securities should provide higher returns than short-term obligations because investors are willing to sacrifice some yields to invest in short-maturity obligations to avoid the higher price volatility of long-maturity bonds Liquidity Preference Theory

30. Different institutional investors have different maturity needs that lead them to confine their security selections to specific maturity segments Segmented-Market Hypothesis

31. Information on maturities can help you formulate yield expectations by simply observing the shape of the yield curve Trading Implications of the Term Structure

32. Yield Spreads • Segments: government bonds, agency bonds, and corporate bonds • Sectors: prime-grade municipal bonds versus good-grade municipal bonds, AA utilities versus BBB utilities • Coupons or seasoning within a segment or sector • Maturities within a given market segment or sector

33. Yield Spreads Magnitudes and direction of yield spreads can change over time

34. What Determines the Price Volatility for Bonds Bond price change is measured as the percentage change in the price of the bond Where: EPB = the ending price of the bond BPB = the beginning price of the bond

35. What Determines the Price Volatility for Bonds Four Factors 1. Par value 2. Coupon 3. Years to maturity 4. Prevailing market interest rate

36. What Determines the Price Volatility for Bonds Five observed behaviors 1. Bond prices move inversely to bond yields (interest rates) 2. For a given change in yields, longer maturity bonds post larger price changes, thus bond price volatility is directly related to maturity 3. Price volatility increases at a diminishing rate as term to maturity increases 4. Price movements resulting from equal absolute increases or decreases in yield are not symmetrical 5. Higher coupon issues show smaller percentage price fluctuation for a given change in yield, thus bond price volatility is inversely related to coupon

37. What Determines the Price Volatility for Bonds • The maturity effect • The coupon effect • The yield level effect • Some trading strategies

38. The Duration Measure • Since price volatility of a bond varies inversely with its coupon and directly with its term to maturity, it is necessary to determine the best combination of these two variables to achieve your objective • A composite measure considering both coupon and maturity would be beneficial

39. The Duration Measure Developed by Frederick R. Macaulay, 1938 Where: t = time period in which the coupon or principal payment occurs Ct= interest or principal payment that occurs in period t i = yield to maturity on the bond

40. Characteristics of Duration • Duration of a bond with coupons is always less than its term to maturity because duration gives weight to these interim payments • A zero-coupon bond’s duration equals its maturity • There is an inverse relation between duration and coupon • There is a positive relation between term to maturity and duration, but duration increases at a decreasing rate with maturity • There is an inverse relation between YTM and duration • Sinking funds and call provisions can have a dramatic effect on a bond’s duration

41. Modified Duration and Bond Price Volatility An adjusted measure of duration can be used to approximate the price volatility of a bond Where: m = number of payments a year YTM = nominal YTM

42. Duration and Bond Price Volatility • Bond price movements will vary proportionally with modified duration for small changes in yields • An estimate of the percentage change in bond prices equals the change in yield time modified duration Where: P = change in price for the bond P = beginning price for the bond Dmod = the modified duration of the bond i = yield change in basis points divided by 100

43. Trading Strategies Using Duration • Longest-duration security provides the maximum price variation • If you expect a decline in interest rates, increase the average duration of your bond portfolio to experience maximum price volatility • If you expect an increase in interest rates, reduce the average duration to minimize your price decline • Note that the duration of your portfolio is the market-value-weighted average of the duration of the individual bonds in the portfolio

44. Bond Duration in Years for Bonds Yielding 6 Percent Under Different Terms

45. Bond Convexity • Equation 19.6 is a linear approximation of bond price change for small changes in market yields

46. Bond Convexity • Modified duration is a linear approximation of bond price change for small changes in market yields • Price changes are not linear, but a curvilinear (convex) function

47. Price-Yield Relationship for Bonds • The graph of prices relative to yields is not a straight line, but a curvilinear relationship • This can be applied to a single bond, a portfolio of bonds, or any stream of future cash flows • The convex price-yield relationship will differ among bonds or other cash flow streams depending on the coupon and maturity • The convexity of the price-yield relationship declines slower as the yield increases • Modified duration is the percentage change in price for a nominal change in yield

48. Modified Duration For small changes this will give a good estimate, but this is a linear estimate on the tangent line

49. Determinants of Convexity The convexity is the measure of the curvature and is the second derivative of price with resect to yield (d2P/di2) divided by price Convexity is the percentage change in dP/di for a given change in yield

50. Determinants of Convexity • Inverse relationship between coupon and convexity • Direct relationship between maturity and convexity • Inverse relationship between yield and convexity