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Learn about the various types of e-Learning, the design considerations, and quick and reliable methods for planning and developing online learning experiences.
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Designing e-Learning Planning the development of online learning From e-Learning by Design By William Horton, 2006
What is e-Learning • Not limited to what takes place within Web browser • Use of information and computer technologies to create learning experiences • How these learning experiences are formulated, organized, and created. • Not limited to a course
What is e-Learning Varieties of e-Learning • Standalone course • Virtual-classroom courses • Learning games and simulations • Embedded e-Learning • Blended learning • Mobile learning • Knowledge management
What is e-Learning design? (p3) • Design – decision that governs what in a learning setting • What is instructional design: include pedagogy (課程) and androgogy (成人教育) • Translate high level project goals to choice for technology and learning content. • Decision: technological management system • Development and selection of content and media
What is e-Learning design?-- Consider multiple perspectives • What are the influences of a effective e-Learning (p5) • Instructional Design:Theories about how people learn; strategies for applying these theories • Software engineer: Building reliable computer programs; User-interface; transmitting media over networks; design and quality control; concepts of object design, usability design, and rapid design
What is e-Learning design?-- Consider multiple perspectives • What are the influences of a effective e-Learning • Media design:Selecting appropriate mixture of text, graphics, voices, music, animation, …. • Economics: helping delivery of value, generating revenue, and creating other resources It must be developed under a budget and on schedule
What is e-Learning design?-- Design all units of e-Learning (6-7) Pyramid of e-Learning • Curricula 學程 (學群,課群) • Course 課程 • Lesson 課 • Topic 主題 • Activity
Design Quickly and Reliably • E-Learning – rapid, cyclical design process • Speedy learning • Steps for instructional design (p8-9) • Clarify the goals for the project • Describe how your project will contribute to organizational goals. • Write the learning objective for the course • Design a learning object to accomplish that objective • Design learning activities • Design test
Design Quickly and Reliably-- Identify your goal 指出教學宗旨目標 • Ask what matters • 自行舉例?以專業 Training 為例 • Make your organization’s goal your goal • What are the types of goals? • Financial….. • Intellectual… • Capital.. • Customers….. • Operations… • Reputation…
Design Quickly and Reliably-- Set learning objectives設定教學目標 • White your learning objectives (p13-14) • Intent, target learners, starting requirements • What makes a good objective • Clear, precise, worthy • What are the types of objectives? • What are the primary and secondary goals (objectives)? • Primary: stated in terms of performance • XXX will be able to do (verb) ….學習者表現… • Secondary: teach things necessary to accomplish a primary objectives • XXX will know, believe, or feel…學習者相信…
Design Quickly and Reliably-- Spell out the situation (舉出目標情形) 目標訂定要素 (p18) • Trigger 在何種事件下會啟動這種學習 • Condition在何種狀況下會表現這種行動 • Resources依據哪些資源
Design Quickly and Reliably-- Set criteria for success • Percentage of learners accomplishing the objectives • Average error rate • Time required to perform the task • Results produced in a specified period of time • Reduction in frequency of problems or increase in rate of favorable incidents
Design Quickly and Reliably-- Analyze learners’ needs and abilities ) 在e-Learning教學設計之前,所分析學生需求與能力的項目包括:(p19-20) • Level of knowledge: explain • Expectations and attitudes : explain • Motivations : explain • Technology skills : explain
Design Quickly and Reliably • Consider defined curricula (已指定的目標)(p20) • 有些機構的目標已預先設定,例如: • Government regulations • Certification or licensing procedures • Standard reference works • Professional association • Standardized academic curricula
Design Quickly and Reliably--Identify prerequisites (如何指出先備知識) • Spot related objectives (點出所有相關目標)(p22)範例說明 目標 • 教導中層經理如何縮短計畫說明的內容 • 中層經理能詮釋重要行事途徑 目標 • 教導中層經理詮釋甘特圖 • 教導中層經理如何詮釋條狀任務項目 • 教導中層經理能夠藉由相關的標示了解任務的相互關係
Design Quickly and Reliably--如何指出Identify prerequisites (先備知識) • State objective in shorthand (p23) 例子 • 縮短計畫說明的內容 • 詮釋重要行事 • Hierarchy of learning 學習目標階層 • P24之表中,最上層者為較難的目標,而最下層的為最基本的目標 • Identify prerequisites 指出先備知識 • 較為基層的知識,如程序中的步驟,或定義 • Identify how to accomplish prerequisite 指出如何完成先備知識的學習
Design Quickly and Reliably--Decide the teaching sequence of your objectives • Decide a logical sequence for learners to accomplish these objectives • Refer to the hierarchy of learning objectives • Use the following sequences: • Bottom up: teach prerequisite objectives first, then teach each objective • Top down : start with top objective, allowing access to prerequisites they lack • Side way: allow learners to traverse freely • Example: p28-30
Design Quickly and Reliably--Decide the teaching sequence of your objectives Where would you use each sequencing strategies? • Bottom up • Necessary where safety is a concern • Avoiding misconception • Benefit to novices • Traditional school training • Top down • Efficiency of learning • Choosing the content they explicitly request
Design Quickly and Reliably--Decide the teaching sequence of your objectives 如何使用不同的教學目標完成順序? • Top down • Good for experienced learners • Suited for just-in-time (即時)learning • Learn what they need • Sideway • Less predictable • Adding excitement to the learning process • Good choice for discovery learning (發現式學習) • Learn to cope with a complex dynamic (多樣化) situation
Design Quickly and Reliably--Create objects to accomplish objectives • What is a learning object (p32) • A chunk of electronic content for accomplishing a single learning goal. • Containing text, graphics, music…. • Can be accessed individually through a menu, search engine, or button, and separate from other objects • For the purpose of accomplishing a learning goal – broad or narrow • Containing the means to verify the accomplishment of a objective
Design Quickly and Reliably--Create test • Create the tests as soon as the learning objectives are defined • The test is best guide to designing learning activities • Tests clarify the objectives • Use the test to pre-test learners • Tests can serve as the learning activities for the object (practices, games, and work assignments) • Tests provide guide in developing contents
Design Quickly and Reliably--Select learning activities • Exercise basic skills thought processes, attitude, and behaviors. • Learn by considering, researching, analyzing, evaluating, organizing, synthesizing(整合), discussing, testing, deciding, and applying ideas. • Mental (心智的) experiences that lead to learning.
Design Quickly and Reliably--What kinds of activities • Absorb-type activities • Presentations:… • Stories … • Readings:… • Field trips … • Do-type activities • Practice:… • Discovery … • Games: … • Connect-type activities • Research:… • Ponder … • Stories from learners:… • Job aids …