1 / 27

POLI-D-537 Parties and Government in the U.S. 5 ects

POLI-D-537 Parties and Government in the U.S. 5 ects. Emilie van Haute. Week 3. Part I Parties and Politics in the U.S. Outline I.1. Party Eras I.2. Party System I.3. Party Organization I.4. Party Ideology, Issues and Polarization. 3. Party Eras.

saraht
Download Presentation

POLI-D-537 Parties and Government in the U.S. 5 ects

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. POLI-D-537 Parties and Government in the U.S. 5 ects Emilie van Haute Week 3

  2. Part IParties and Politics in the U.S. Outline I.1. Party Eras I.2. Party System I.3. Party Organization I.4. Party Ideology, Issues and Polarization

  3. 3. Party Eras • The First Party System (1800-1824): Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans • The Second Party System (1828-1856): Whigs vs. Jacksonian Democrats • The Third Party System (1856-1896): Ascendant Republicans vs. Democrats • The Fourth Party System (1896-1928): Republican Dominance Renewed • The Fifth Party System (1932-1968): The Democratic New Deal Era • The Sixth Party System (1968-2008): The Era of Dealignment and Divided government

  4. 3.1. First Party System (1800-1824)Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans (1) • Disappearance of the Federalists as a national political party (uncompetitive) • One-party dominance (Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans) = “Era of Good Feelings” - At the end of Jefferson’s terms: no competition (Monroe unopposed for reelection in 1820) - Roots of parties did not run deep (no party identification, filiations, loyalty) - Growth of dominance // Weakening of the party discipline - Factionalism among leaders of the Republicans - Decline of the authority & legitimacy of the national government - Washington DC = desolate place (8.000 inhabitants in 1800 - burned down by the British/Canadian troops in 1814 as a vengeance for the destruction of Toronto) - Growth of regional rivalries: West vs. East (financial dominance); South vs. North (opposition to slavery)

  5. 3.1. First Party System (1800-1824)Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans (2)

  6. 3.1. First Party System (1800-1824)Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans (3) • 1824: presidential election (congressional caucus system of nomination) - Andrew Jackson: 99 electoral votes; John Quincy Adams: 88; William Crawford: 41; Henry Clay: 34 (262 votes) - No candidate with a majority of the electoral votes - House of Representatives has to choose between the top 3 and chose Adams (Clay got appointed secretary of State) • Constitutional crisis: most popular candidate did not win / suspicion of bribery / caucus seen as undemocratic as suffrage expanded • Jackson (military hero) gathers popular discontent (South, West) • Van Buren (NY): wants to reduce the risk & control Jackson by reinvigorating the Jeffersonian party (NY-Virginia alliance), give Jackson leadership against promise to accept party discipline

  7. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (1) • Transitional era (1828-1832) - 1828: Jackson defeated Adams - 1832: Jackson defeated Clay - Transitional era of bifactional politics within the Democratic-Republican Party: Jackson & Adams used the Republican name in their label • Democratization of American political life - Qualifications for voting dropped (expansion of suffrage) - Slates of presidential electors were popularly elected - Increase of electoral participation - Opening of nominating procedures (congressional caucus replaced by national convention) • Need for organization, management, communication • From then on: real two-party competition

  8. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (2) • From then on: real two-party competition (Democrats & Whigs) - 1830s: emergence of parties as we know them - Birth of the Democratic party: National Party Convention in 1832 - 1832: Jackson switched to Democratic label >< Clay as Republican - 1834: opposition to Jackson formed a party: the Whigs - Fight for the new electorate - Development of campaigning (parades, rallies, picnics, symbols, etc.) - Development of party organization at the state & local levels - Development of party identification

  9. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (3) • Democrats (Dominant party – first half of the period) - First to make a positive case for parties: parties seen as vehicles for common citizens to enact political views & control government if well organized - Parties seen as the only actor capable of taming presidential ambition (Van Buren: wanted to build a real party system >< one party-rule he experienced: need opposition, threat of defeat to keep discipline & cohesion) - Democratized version of Jefferson’s view of limited government: small government, low taxes, and individual freedom, decentralization & democratization of political & economic power; against government intervention because it would favor the wealthy > the common man - Won 5 presidential elections out of 7 between 1828 and 1856 (Andrew Jackson 1828-1836; Martin Van Buren 1836-1840; James Polk 1844-1848; Franklin Pierce 1852-1856)

  10. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (4) • Whigs = Minority party - Coalition of Henry Clay, Webster (Connecticut & Massachussets), Weed & Seward ‘NY) Stevens (Pennsylvania) to oppose Jackson - Name: identification with the English party - Renewed Federalist agenda: defend industrial interests & wealth, a more active role for the national government (building roads, canals to benefit interstate commerce), to raise the tariff on imported products, to establish a national banking & financing system, but to diminish the power of the president - Tried to match the Democrats’ organization & electoral techniques - Run military heroes for presidents (4 elections out of 7) but only successful twice (1840: William Henry Harrison; 1848: Zachary Taylor) – constant feature of us politics (Grant, Eisenhower, etc.) - In 9 out of 11 congressional elections: no control on Congress - Won 20 governorships by 1840

  11. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (5) • Real competition in each region / few regional variations from 1840 to CW - Whigs: more support from manufacture & trade, planters, Protestants, wealth - Democrats: new voters, western farmers, Catholics & new immigrants, ‘common people’ BUT - Both parties: true national scope - Old bastions of Jefferson’s support (North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana): divided evenly between parties; Middle Atlantic states: idem - Both parties try to balance the interests of all sections of the electorate - Few really divisive issues until the 1850s (racial & slavery issues) - Both liberal (free enterprise & private property) - Both democratic (basic principles of the Constitution & Declaration of Independence) - None of the parties truly ideologically coherent; more based on a common hatred of the enemy than on positive attachment to an issue

  12. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (6) • Decentralization - Electoral votes allocated state by state => party organization built at the state level for the presidential election - In order to get the support of the party, the presidential candidate has to reward the state party branches - State parties are dependent on local leaders & local organization => localities could make powerful demands on higher levels, especially because of the close match between the two parties => the entertainment (rallies, picnics, etc.) happens at the local level => local parties as link between the wider world of politics and the individuals in a large democracy (unthreatening, stimulus for citizenship)

  13. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (7) • Parties and slavery - Fundamental dispute since the independence - 1820: Missouri compromise in Congress on regulation of slavery in the Western territories (balance) - Both parties: pro- and antislavery factions because they both wanted to survive as national parties - Mid-1840s: Pressure to admit new states and difficulties to maintain the balance between the pro- and antislavery forces - Growing cultural, moral & economic differences between North & South in the 1840 & 1850 => political conflicts, increasing with the expansion of the country (new free or slave states)

  14. 3.2. Second Party System (1828-1856)(Jacksonian) Democrats vs. Whigs (8) • Democrats and slavery: Regional loyalty outweigh party loyalty: - In Congress: Democrats dominated by southerners - In national convention: South also strong thanks to veto possibility: ex: 1844: Van Buren (opposed to the expansion of slavery) as front-runner for the presidential nomination but the South opposed it because he didn’t support the annexation of Texas. Van Buren didn’t have 2/3 of the delegates at the convention and couldn’t convince his supporters to change the rule of the nomination (9 ballots) => James Polk won the nomination and got elected, thanks to the discipline of the southern state delegates same for 1852 (Franklin Pierce) & 1856 (James Buchanan): weak candidates - Focused on protecting slavery > defend their democratic & egalitarian principles • Whigs and slavery: slavery has lead the party to dissolve - Traditionally: national integration, accommodation North/South => position undermined in both regions, schism between wings - Emergence of a Republican party in the North => loss electoral support in 1854 => dissolution

  15. 3.3. Third Party System (1856-1896)Ascendant Republicans vs. Democrats (1) • Transition period (1854-1856) - Democrats (Buchanan) vs. new Republican Party (Fremont) vs. Whigs (Fillmore): No majority of the popular vote • 1860: Deterioration - South: Democrats (Breckenridge) vs. Bell (Whig) - North: Republicans (Lincoln) vs. Democrats (Douglas): - Douglas tried to avoid the debate on slavery within his party - Lincoln committed his party to the principle of no territorial expansion for slavery = realignment: Republican majority in most parts of the country except the South; destruction of the Whigs • Civil War (1861-1865) – Lincoln elected first Republican President (second highest turnout: 82% of the electorate)+ control Congress, governorship of every northern state

  16. 3.3. Third Party System (1856-1896)Ascendant Republicans vs. Democrats (2) CW-1874: dominance of the Republicans • Republicans (GOP) - Composed of former Whigs (Lincoln), antislavery Democrats, & abolitionists - Dedicated to the principle of ending slavery - Big campaign & debates, and carried on with discussions at the state & local levels through party channels - Identified with the Union, patriotism, humanitarianism - Alliance with interest groups: farmers (Homestead Act and free land in the West), business & labor (high protective tariff), entrepreneurs (big federal grants), and veterans (pensions) - Dominant in the North & West; little support in the South - Control of presidency (Lincoln, Johnson, Grant) & Congress from 1860 to 1874 • Democrats - Southern-based party; support in the North from business (free-trade), new Catholic immigrants

  17. 3.3. Third Party System (1856-1896)Ascendant Republicans vs. Democrats (3) 1974-1896: competition (Alternated control of Presidency & Congress) • Republicans - Unable to integrate freed slaves into the economic & political life - Southern states negate the Fifteenth amendment (vote for former slaves) and Republicans unable to stop it - Loyalty based on the Civil War (veterans); assassination of Lincoln (1865); support of Northern Protestants (anti-gambling, anti-alcohol); pro-business (// Federalists & Whigs) - No support in the South; Northern African Americans + Northern WASPs - Control the Senate + 3/5 presidency (Hayes, Arthur, Harrison) • Democrats - Weak in Midwest / New England; South + Northern Catholic bastions - Control the House + 2/5 presidency (Cleveland) - Party of the former Confederate States; agriculture; anti-tariff stand; support of the Catholics (Northern cities) • Configuration stable for the next 100 years

  18. 3.3. Third Party System (1856-1896)Ascendant Republicans vs. Democrats (4) • Main features of the period - Growth of patronage-based party organizations (Middle Atlantic & Midwestern states): organize services for communities (build railroads, create jobs) // industrialization (immigration, rise of corporations) = Republican feature (in Pennsylvania: 20.000 Republican paid workers) => weakens loyalty and discipline - Introduction of the Australian ballot / Massachusetts ballot = secret ballot > party-printed ballot: ↑ voter independence from parties • Emergence of the People’s Party (Populists) - Emergence in the economically depressed grain-growing areas of the Midwest - Want laws to protect farmers, defend more equality, income tax, nationalization of railroads & telephone/telegraph companies = More liberal & progressive than de Ds & the Rs (conservative) - Growth of support by the mid-1880s (elected representatives in Midwest states & Southern farmers); 1892: over 1 million votes

  19. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (1) • Economic & Social Revolution - Industrialization > agrarian society - Urbanization (NY, Chicago, Philadelphia, LA > 1.000.000 by 1920s) - Development of transportation (railroads: 8.500 miles in 1850 to 193.000 in 1900) - Rise of corporation (Standard Oil, US steel) - New immigration - Rise of labor organizations • Rise of third parties - Radical agrarian movements (Grangers Farmers’ Alliance; Greenbackers) - People’s Party in 1896; Progressives in 1912

  20. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (2) • Transition: Presidential election of 1896 - Democrats divided between Cleveland (limited government) & William Jennings Bryan (populist ideas): Bryan appealed to farmers & western interests => South, Plains, West (major turn from limited government) - Republicans (McKinley) opposed inflation, favored stability, high tariffs (money & protectionism) & renewed the support of business interests, but also urban workers & shopkeepers => all North & cities - High turnout (82%) - Democrats lost => took years to recover (won 2 presidency in 36 years) 1896-1912: Dominance of the Republicans • Republicans - Won 4 presidencies in a row (McKinley, T. Roosevelt – 2, Taft) - Control of Congress until 1910 • Democrats - Nothing until Wilson during WWI

  21. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (3) 1912-1928: More competition • Republicans - Internal divisions: traditional conservatives of the industrial-finance centers of the Northeast >< Progressive reformers of the Middle West - 1912: T. Roosevelt run for the Progressive Party vs. Taft for the Republicans => split of the Republican votes => favored the Democrats (Wilson) - After WWI: Progressive movement out => Renewed dominance: - Won 4 presidencies in a row (Harding, Coolidge – 2, Hoover) • Democrats - WWI: took advantage of the Republican divisions & won 2 presidency (Wilson – 2) - After WWI: Recovery mode: popular vote jumped from 28.8% in 1924 to 40.8% in 1928 - Development of support in Catholic, urban & industrial centers

  22. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (4) Main features of the period • Republican dominance: average share of votes = 57.7% vs. 42.3% for the Ds - Gap between the 2 parties > 10% in 4 elections out of 7 - Same lack of competition for states elections: South = D; rest = R • Women suffrage in 1920 (19th amendment) • Progressive revolts between 1900 & 1920: - Believed in the rational citizen; opposed party loyalties and irrational ties - Favored political regulation & party-weakening reforms - Support from T. Roosevelt (1912) - Want to cut away patronage; promoted a civil service reform - Support non-partisan local elections - Support the introduction of direct primaries for nominating candidates (1903 Wisconsin; 26 states adopted it by 1916) - Role of citizen enhanced by adoption of initiative, referendum - Regulation of parties BUT decrease in electoral participation

  23. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (2)

  24. 3.4. Fourth Party System (1896-1928)Republican Dominance Renewed (2)

  25. 3.5. Fifth Party System (1932-1968)The Democratic New Deal Era (1) • Great Depression of 1929 - GNP fell by 1/3; unemployment grew from 5% to 25% • Demographic change - Urban ethnics, Catholics, blue-collar workers & blacks = more significant - WASP, small town, middle-class business = shrinking • Transition: the election of 1932 - Realignment from a Republican to a Democratic majority - Democrats: New Deal Coalition (F.D. Roosevelt): white southerners, Catholic urban workers (recent immigrants anti-prohibition), blue-collar workers (organized labor), African Americans (rising unemployment), Jews (Depression & Roosevelt’s leadership against Nazi Germany), young voters Support welfare policies, social security & unemployment compensations systems (weakened party patronage); federal government as THE employer Regulate the economy: Securities & Exchange Commission (1935), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (1935), Banking Act (1935)

  26. 3.5. Fifth Party System (1932-1968)The Democratic New Deal Era (1) 1932-1948: Dominance of the Democrats • Democrats - Won 5/5 presidency (F.D. Roosevelt, Truman) - Continuous control over Congress (except 1946) - Internal divisions in the late 1930s: North / South (dissent from social welfare policies) • Republicans • Minority party – called dead several times but resilient

  27. 3.5. Fifth Party System (1932-1968)The Democratic New Deal Era (1) 1948-1968: More competition • Democrats - Lost control Presidency (1952-1956) & Congress in 1952 - 1960-1964: normal majority reasserted (Kennedy & Johnson) - Huge congressional majorities => Johnson’s Great Society program - After 1964: intensification of internal divisions over the Vietnam War, defense policy, crime, civil disorder & social policy • Republicans • Minority party – called dead several times but resilient • 1952: won Congress & Presidency (national hero tactic with Eisenhower): “I like Ike”, “Peace & Prosperity”: support in the South; accepted New Deal programs => New Deal legacy no more divisive

More Related