Oregon Health and Air Quality HYSPLIT, CALIPSO, and Air Quality Tutorial

Oregon Health and Air QualityHYSPLIT, CALIPSO, and Air Quality Tutorial NASA DEVELOP Spring 2013 Stephen Quinn (Team Lead) Zachary Toll (Team Lead) Brittany Parsons Amanda Gray Carrea Dye Marlene Lichty

Table of Contents • HYSPLIT • CALIPSO • Google Earth Imagery • Air Quality/weather Information

HYSPLIT This tutorial explains how to use HYSPLIT to: • Download free HYSPLIT Model • Download ARL data • Run a forward or back trajectory • Create a shapefile of results • Create a trajectory frequency analysis • Estimate concentrations and deposition

HYSPLIT These are two tutorials that were used when trying to figure out the different HYSPLIT functions: • http://www.arl.noaa.gov/documents/workshop/Spring2011/HYSPLIT_Tutorial.pdf • http://webcam.srs.fs.fed.us/tools/vsmoke/FEPS_VSMOKE_and_HYSPLIT_Instructions_1211.pdf

HYSPLIT-Downloading • Download NOAA HYSPLIT Model • http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php • The Public (unregistered) version is what will be used for this tutorial. • Be sure to download utilities package prior to downloading HYSPLIT.

HYSPLIT-Downloading • Downloading ARL data: • The Meteorology menu of HYSPLIT contains an ARL Data FTP menu that expedites the process of obtaining meteorological data in order to run HYSPLIT. Meteorological data must be obtained before doing any sort of analysis. This download menu acquires EDAS, GDAS or NAM archive data.

HYSPLIT-Downloading • Select the type of data, and the month/year/day • EDAS data is split into semi-month categories: • Beginning of month001 • End of month002 • Select the section that contains your day under the “By Semi-Month” section under the different types of data • NAM12 data retrieves data for a particular day • Make sure you have selected the correct day you need

HYSPLIT-Downloading • After hitting the “Get Data File”, all data will be placed in the “working” folder of the hysplit4 directory. The box right above the “Get Data File” is the name the data was saved under • In the example from the last slide: EDAS 40 km data was downloaded for sep 01 2012, the file was saved as: edas.sep12.001 • Any files created or saved while using HYSPLIT are located in the working directory(C:\hysplit4\working) • This menu also contains sections to download real time forecast data, NCEP Reanalysis data or utilities to convert other meteorological data into the format HYSPLIT can read. For the Oregon Health and Air Quality team the NAM12 data was used since the data has a better spatial resolution.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • For Forward or Backward Trajectory map • The first step is to select or create a control file that will be used to run the trajectory model. The control file includes all specifications of initial start time, initial locations, run time, file names and meteorological data to be used while running the model.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • Below are the windows that will pop up when setting up a HYSPLIT trajectory • The next slide explains the specifics when setting up the trajectory run

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • Starting time – The start time and date of a forward trajectory or the end time and date of a back trajectory. The time needs to be input as UTC. • Starting locations - First specify the number of starting locations with a minimum of 1. The starting location inputs consist of latitude, longitude and height in meters above ground level (m-AGL). • Total run time - The length of the trajectory, for the Oregon AQ and Wildfires team, the length of the trajectory was never longer than 48 hours in order to reduce model error. • Direction – For the forward option the starting time and locations are initial while for the back they are final. • Top of model – This is the highest level that the model will continue to follow the trajectory. • Vertical Motion Method –used option 0 – input model data. • Output – The file name of the Trajectory model output. • Add Meteorological Files – Use this to select all data that needs to be used to run the trajectory. Use the clear button to clear all files. If a forward trajectory is run for 48 hours starting at 20 UTC on September 9th meteorological data for September 9th, 10th and 11th would need to be included.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • After the Trajectory Setup has been completed always click either the ‘Save’ button or the ‘Save as’ button. If ‘Save As’ is chosen all options can later be loaded again using the ‘Retrieve’ button. • Next run the model by clicking on ‘Run Model’ in the Trajectory menu. Once complete exit out of the window

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • Lastly display the output by clicking on ‘Trajectory’ and selecting the ‘Display’ option on the drop down menu. The trajectory will be displayed in Ghostview but can also be displayed in GIS or Google Earth if the option is selected.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • This Display window contains all options for output type and label specifications: • Input Endpoints - The name of the output file from the Trajectory Setup. • Output Postscript – The name of the output image. • GIS Out – HYSPLIT will create either a text file which can be converted to a shapefile for the option of GIS-point or GIS – lines, or a KML or KMZ file for GoogleEarth. • Vertical Coordinate – In addition to displaying trajectories on a map HYSPLIT also plots the trajectory’s vertical position as a function of time. This option sets the unit of the vertical coordinate.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • Once all options are set click “Execute Display”

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • Below is an example of a trajectory output in Ghostview. Trajectories of 100, 1000, 2000, and 4000 meters above ground level are displayed.

HYSPLIT-Trajectory • A forward or backward trajectory map can also be created using EDAS data: • This is done by changing the meteorology files to edas.sep12.001 in the Trajectory Setup

HYSPLIT-Shapefile • Create a Shapefile of Results • If the option of a GIS-point, GIS-line or ESRI Generate is ever set, once the ‘Execute Display’ button is clicked, HYSPLIT creates a text file in the working directory that can be converted to a shapefile.

HYSPLIT-Shapefile • These windows show up when creating a shapefile in HYSPLIT • The directions are continued on the next slide

HYSPLIT-Shapefile • Click on the ‘Name of…’ button and select the text file that starts with ‘GIS_’. • Then set the Conversion method and Enhanced attributes options, type a Base Name then hit ‘Process Data’. The resulting four files will be placed in the working directory and can now be used in ArcGIS.

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Trajectory Frequency Analysis: • This option runs multiple trajectories and then displays a frequency analysis. For each grid square the percentage of total trajectories is calculated. This option was used to analyze wind direction over the entire span of the lateral west fire in order to locate areas affected by the smoke consistently.

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Open the trajectory Setup Run window • The number of starting locations must be set to zero

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Next to the “Output (/path/file): ”, as stated on the last slide, pick a name for the data to be saved as. • For example: ours was “traj” and later on it saves each file as: • Output file name- followed by the year month day then hour of fire • traj11080106 • *****MAKE SURE: if you run this analysis again either delete the files that were created or pick a different output file name or else multiple frequencies will show up on your map • HYSPLIT has a limit on the number of meteorological files that can be used for each run. For this reason the Western Disaster team used the EDAS 40 km data because each file contained half a month worth of data instead of one day. • Make sure you clear any files that are present

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Click on ADD Meteorology Files • EDAS 40 KM data is saved as ex:“edas.oct12.001”edas.<month><year>.<first/second half of month> • “.001” means first half of month • In order for this function to work properly, there needs to be data for the entire length of period • For example: our fire occurred September 9 through October 18, 2012 • We used: edas.sep12.001, edas.sep12.002, edas.oct12.001, edas.oct12.002 in order to have the data from both months

HYSPLIT-Frequency • The next set is to go to trajectoryspecial runs daily • Enter the start and end dates and the start hours for each trajectory and click ‘Execute Script’. • Pole Creek fire started on September 9th and went until October 18, 2012 39days • (this step takes awhile to download all the files) • Reminder: all files are saved under the working folder • C:\hysplit4\working

HYSPLIT-Frequency • ‘Execute Script’ creates control files for each trajectory just like the Setup Run window. Each control file will have the output filename from the Setup Run followed by the date and time of each individual trajectory. Ex. example12090106 • Realize that if running 48 hour forward trajectories for every day data for the first two days of September must also be included in the Setup Run window. • As stated before make sure: if trajectories for more than one month are to be included in the frequency analysis, fill out the Daily Special Runs window for each month. As long as the base name is the same for all control files all trajectories will be included.

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Displaying analysis: • First enter in the Base Name and hit ‘Create file of trajectory filenames’. This creates a text file called INFILE in the working directory which can be opened and checked if needed.

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Residence time – The yes option takes into account how long each trajectory resides in a grid square and computes a weighted average. This normalizes the trajectories so the analysis is not biased to days with higher wind speed. • After hitting “Execute Display” this will appear:

HYSPLIT-Frequency • Click “Exit” and the Trajectory Frequency Map will appear

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Create a Concentration or Deposition Plot • HYSPLIT concentration plots were used by the Oregon Health and Air Quality team to estimate the contribution of the Lateral West fire smoke on air quality ground monitoring station data. • For this section of the tutorial particulate matter 2.5 concentrations will be modeled for September 09, 2012 with a starting location of 44° latitude, -121° longitude and 1000.0 m-AGL. This height was determined from looking at the boundary layer from CALIPSO browse images discussed later.

HYSPLIT-Concentration • First make sure the emission release is set on 3-D particle (Menu 3).

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Next go to setup run: • Air quality is not only dependent on emissions from the fire on the day being modeled but previous days as well. For this reason the model is run for 48 hours starting with 00 UTC on the previous day. Other options in the window should be filled out in the same way a Trajectory Setup would.

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Next click on the Pollutant, Deposition and Grids setup. • By clicking on the dot next to Specie 1/Grid 1/Specie 1 the other boxes will appear

HYSPLIT-Concentration Main Pollutant, Concentration Grid and Deposition Setup (Top Left) • This window allows the user to set definitions for pollutants and pollutant samples. • Set the number of Pollutants and Deposition to 2 and Grids to 1. Realize that the number of Pollutant and Deposition must always be equal. • Click on each Specie or Grid button to open individual settings. Definition of Pollutant (Top Right) • For the first Specie use the PM 2.5 emission rate from September 9, 2012 starting at 11 UTC on the 9th and emit for 24 hours. • To calculate the emission rate: • [(Converted Acres burned to m2 ) / (number of days the fire lasted) ]/ (24 hours) • For the second Specie define the pollutant in the same way but for September 10, 2012.

HYSPLIT-Concentration Definition of Concentration Grid (Bottom Right) • The grids number can be set to any number regardless of what the pollutant or deposition number is set to. This window contains the information for the resolution and sampling time and location of the concentration plot. • Num of vertical levels – set any number with a minimum of 2 • Height of levels (M AGL) – the number of heights must equal the previous number also note that deposition will only be plotted if the minimum height is set to 0. Set the heights to 0 and 100, this way they are comparable with ground monitoring stations. • Set the sampling start and stop – note these times can be before, after or any time in between the emission of a pollutant as long as it is within the run time of the model. Set the start to 0 UTC on September 10, 2012 and the stop to 11 UTC on September 11, 2011. • The last line describes the type and amount of output plots. Set the first couple of numbers to 0 which indicates an average, the second to 24 and the third to 0. This will create a daily average concentration plot for September 10.

HYSPLIT-Concentration Deposition Definition (Bottom Left) • For each pollutant setup, an accompanying deposition definition is needed to define molecular qualities of each pollutant. • First define the pollutant as a Particle since this example is estimating concentrations of PM 2.5. • These estimations created for the Lateral West fire are only going to take into account the effects of dry deposition so click the button to include it. The model will now take into account the effects of gravity. Particles will have a higher concentration near the ground and will also be removed if they come in contact with the ground. If the pollutant is a gas, dry and wet deposition should both be set to no. • Once the dry deposition option is set, some default values will appear in the lower lines. Change the diameter to 2.5 um and the deposition velocity to 0.009 m/s. If modeling PM 10, set these numbers to 10 um and 0.07 m/s. If deposition velocities are not known, set the velocity to 0 but then input the molecular weight, A-Ratio, D-Ratio, and Henry’s constant, and HYSPLIT will calculate the velocity. • If wet deposition is to be modeled, the next three lines must also be set. Wet deposition will only be modeled on days where the meteorological data indicates precipitation. • ******In order to clear the preconfigured section, hit the reset button

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Next step: run the model • Click ‘Run Model’ under the Concentration Menu.

HYSPLIT-Concentration • To display the concentration analysis: • ConcentrationDisplayConcentrationContours

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Set all options at the top similarly to that of the Trajectory Display window. • Select Pollutant – Click ‘All’, this way the concentration will reflect pollutants emitted on both the 10th and 11th of September. • Vertical Display - Click ‘Show Each Level’; if multiple levels were set in the Definition of Grid window, it may be set to ‘Average Levels’. • Set the bottom level to 0 and the top to 100. If the ‘Execute Display’ is pressed but nothing is displayed in Ghostview the reason may be that one of the levels is not set right. • The emission rate set in the Definition of Pollutant window was in kilograms, so in the Label section type ‘kg’. • Either select the contour option of ‘Dyn-Exp’ which changes the contours according to the concentrations or change the option to ‘UserSet’ to define set contours (the Oregon team selected ‘UserSet’). When creating concentration plots for PM 2.5 the Oregon AQ and Wildfire team used ‘1E-7+5E-8+1E-8+5E-9+1E-9’ (which where the coordinates given from the Dismal Swamp Heath and AQ team) this corresponded with concentrations of 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1 um/m^3 since 1um = 1E-9 kg.

HYSPLIT-Concentration • Below is an example of a concentration plot in Ghostview. The highest concentrations are red and the lowest concentrations are green.

HYSPLIT-Google Earth Viewing Concentration or Trajectory maps in Google Earth • Everything is the same except when you go to the display menu for each one • Next to projection select “Google Earth” • This will create a file in the Working folder called: • HYSPLITconc.KMZ Or • HYSPLITtraj.KMZ

HYSPLIT-Google Earth • These file names are set, and in order to save the files, so they do not get overridden, copy and then rename the file • Next go to google earth and go to open working folderHYSPLITconc.KMZ or HYSPLITtraj.KMZ

HYSPLIT-Google Earth • To adjust the view, use the tools on the upper right side Concentration Trajectory

HYSPLIT-Google Earth • Combining both the concentration and trajectory maps in Google Earth: • After opening one of the .KMZ files, open the other one and both should appear

CALIPSO • Start Internet Explorer or web browser. Go to the website http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/ • Click on the ‘Products’ tab. • Under product tab, select ‘Expedited Browse Images’. You will be directed to a page with Lidar Browse Images for Expedited Release [V3-02]. From here, you will select the corresponding day and time you wish to collect data for by clinking on a day. Note: Any day before November 1, 2011 will be version 3.01 and does not project in Google Earth.

CALIPSO • After selecting the correct day, you will be directed to a new web page that corresponds to the day that is selected. After scrolling down, you will see multiple CALIPSO swaths. • The map on the left represents the path and time covered by the satellite on the corresponding day. Find the line that covers the study area of interest. The color coded line underneath the lidar image is coordinated to match with the correct color from the swath pattern. After finding the correct path, click its corresponding color and a new web page will open with information about it.

CALIPSO • Scroll down and an image of a KMZ file will be above the images that may be downloaded and used in Google Earth. Some images do not have a KMZ file logo on the upper left, so if you would like to download those files, they would need to be downloaded the long way mentioned at the end of this tutorial. • Each expedited browse image has a color key, like stated below, that can show features in the atmosphere. The brighter colors represent clouds, aerosols, smoke, particles, and aerosols in the atmosphere. Blue is the regular sky and atmosphere. • Using the lidar CALIOP upon CALIPSO, features are detected • using atmospheric chemistry algorithms. The atmospheric chemistry of • these features are put into values in the color key. KMZ Logo

CALIPSO No KMZ Logo; logo should be here Note: Along with the general 532 nm back-scatter, there will be other data that can be used in analysis.

CALIPSO • If collecting data for days without a KMZ logo, data must be collected in a different manner and converted to fit into Google Earth. • Open Internet Explorer or other web browser and type http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov into the search box. This will take you to NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) or the REVERB/ECHO web browsing tool. • In the ‘Search Term’ box, type CALIPSO, and in the ‘Temporal Search’ box, type the time of the study.

CALIPSO • Select the dataset CAL_LID_L1-ValStage1-V3-02 or CAL_LID_L1-ValStage1-V3-01. The dataset for CAL_LID_L1-ValStage1-V3-01 is for data from June 13, 2006 thru October 31, 2011. The dataset for CAL_LID_L1-ValStage1-V3-02 is from November 1, 2011 through the present. • Once you have selected your time of study and dataset, click on the ‘Search for Granules’ button at the bottom of the screen. • The next page will provide you with the CALIPSO files based on the time and ID of the swath.

Oregon Health and Air Quality HYSPLIT, CALIPSO, and Air Quality Tutorial