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Lab 7, part 2 Joints knee References: Exercise 10 Chapter 9 in text

Joints. Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints or articulationsGreek root arthro" means jointArticulations can be:Bone to boneBone to cartilageTeeth in bony sockets. Classifications of Joints. Joints can be classified by function or structureFunctional classification based on amount

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Lab 7, part 2 Joints knee References: Exercise 10 Chapter 9 in text

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    2. Joints Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints or articulations Greek root “arthro” means joint Articulations can be: Bone to bone Bone to cartilage Teeth in bony sockets

    3. Classifications of Joints Joints can be classified by function or structure Functional classification – based on amount of movement Synarthroses – immovable – common in axial skeleton Amphiarthroses – slightly movable – common in axial skeleton Diarthroses – freely movable – common in appendicular skeleton

    4. Classifications of Joints Structural classification based on: Material that binds bones together Presence or absence of a joint cavity Structural classifications include: Fibrous - CT fiber between bones Cartilaginous - cartilage between bones Synovial - joint cavity between bones

    5. Fibrous Joints Bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue Do not have a joint cavity Most are immovable or only slightly movable Types Sutures - bones interlock (skull sutures) Syndesmoses - bones do not interlock and are connected by ligaments (distal tibia / fibula)

    6. Fibrous Joints

    7. Cartilaginous Joints Bones are united by cartilage Most are slightly movable (amphiarthrotic) Lack a joint cavity Two types Synchondroses - bones united by hyaline cartilage (costal cartilages, epiphyseal plate) Symphyses - bones connected by a flat disc of fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs and pubic symphasis)

    8. Synchondroses

    9. Symphyses Hyaline cartilage – also present as articular cartilage

    10. Synovial Joints Most movable type of joint All are diarthroses Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity Most are “simple” and have just two articulating surfaces Some are “compound” with more than two articulating surfaces Examples include the elbow (humerus, radius and ulna) and knee (femur, tibia, fibula, patella) joints

    11. General Structure of Synovial Joints Articular cartilage Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage Absorbs compression Joint cavity (synovial cavity) Unique to synovial joints Cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of fluid (synovial fluid)

    12. General Structure of Synovial Joints Articular capsule – joint cavity is enclosed in a two-layered capsule Fibrous capsule – dense irregular connective tissue – strengthens joint Synovial membrane – loose connective tissue Lines joint capsule and covers internal joint surfaces Functions to make synovial fluid

    13. General Structure of Synovial Joints Reinforcing ligaments Often are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule Sometimes are extracapsular ligaments – located outside the capsule Sometimes are intracapsular ligaments – located internal to the capsule

    14. A Typical Synovial Joint

    18. Sagittal Section of Knee Joint

    19. Superior View of Knee Joint

    20. Capsule of Knee Joint Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee Covers tibial and femoral condyles Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee Anteriorly – covered by three ligaments Patellar ligament Medial retinaculum Lateral retinaculum

    21. Anterior View of Knee

    22. Knee Joint Extracapsular Ligaments Become taut when knee is extended Provide support of sides of the knee Extracapsular ligaments: Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

    23. Anterior View of Knee

    24. Knee Joint Intracapsular ligaments Cruciate ligaments – cross each other like an “X” Prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint Each runs from the proximal tibia to the distal femur Anterior cruciate ligament (anterior tibia to femur) Posterior cruciate ligament (posterior tibia to femur)

    25. Anterior View of Flexed Knee

    26. Knee Joint Cruciate Ligaments Prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint

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