2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

1. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

2. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system Essential questions: • What are the functions of blood? • What are some disorders of the blood? • How are blood disorders treated? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood? • What are the functions of the circulatory system? • What are some disorders of the circulatory system? • How are disorders of the circulatory system treated? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

3. What are the functions of blood? • Transportation • Regulation • Protection 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

4. What are the functions of blood? Transportation • Blood transports: • Nutrients from digestive track to cells • Oxygen from lungs to cells • Waste from cells to excretory organs • Hormones from secreting cells to other parts of the body 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

5. What are the functions of blood? Regulation • Regulates heat- • Circulates excess heat to body surface and lungs, where it’s lost • Regulates acid/base balance- • Carries carbon dioxide from cells to lungs to be exhaled 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

6. What are the functions of blood? Protection • Circulates antibodies and defensive cells to combat disease and infection. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

7. Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Functions of the blood components 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

8. Plasma Functions: • Plasma is the watery, liquid component of blood. • It suspends red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. • Within plasma are many important dissolved substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products Plasma Cellular elements 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

9. The hemoglobin in the erythrocyte transports oxygen to the cells heme = iron The iron portion is what the oxygen binds to. We get all our iron from our diet. So it’s important to take in enough iron, or our body can’t transport oxygen!! Erythrocyte Functions 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

10. Erythropoiesis The manufacturing of a red blood cell Occurs in red bone marrow Start out as stem cells  becomes smaller and gains hemoglobin (requires iron)  mature and lose their nucleus  becomes biconcave shape and enters bloodstream Because they don’t have a nucleus, they can only live about 120 days. Broken down by liver and spleen when they get old Erythrocytes Starts here 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

11. Hemolysis Rupture or bursting of a red blood cell literally, but used to refer to the excessive breakdown of red blood cells This sometimes happens as a result of a blood transfusion reaction or some diseases. Erythrocytes 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

12. Erythrocytes What is hemolytic anemia? • A condition where red blood cells are broken down and removed from bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over. • Example of hemolysis 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

13. Body’s natural defense against injury and disease Most leukocytes live only a few days Leukocyte Functions 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

14. Granulocytes Neutrophils – Phagocytize bacteria Make up about 60% of your WBC’s Eosinophils – Phagocytize Involved with parasitic infections Make up about 2% of your WBC’s Basophils – Phagocytize Release heparin (anticoagulant = blood thinner) and histamine (vasodilator = widens vessels) Make up about 1% of WBC’s Leukocytes 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

15. Leukocytes • Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes – • Produce antibodies • Make up about 25% of WBC’s • Monocytes – • Phagocytize • Make up about 5% of WBC’s 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

16. Inflammation • What is inflammation? • Occurs when there is physical or chemical trauma to tissue or when pathogenic microorganisms invade • Symptoms = pain, heat, redness and swelling!!! • WBC’s flood to site!!! 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

17. Inflammation 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

18. Not cells = Fragments of megakaryocytes Function = Helps our blood to clot Forms platelet plug Starts the blood clotting process that “hardens” the platelet plug and turns into clot Thrombocytes Function

19. Blood Types • Remember… • There are 4 blood types: A, B, AB, and O • They are determined by the presence or absence of certain proteins called antigens on the surface of the red blood cell • What type you have is inherited from your parents (A and B are dominant, O is recessive). 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

20. Blood Types • Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies) • A • B • AB • O RBC Antigen-Antibody Reaction Video 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

21. Rh factor • Remember… • Red blood cells can also contain the Rh antigen on their surface • Rh+ have the antigen • Rh- do NOT have the antigen • Rh- (negative) blood can be given to either type because it has no antigens on the surface (think O) for an antibody to attack • The first time Rh- blood is exposed to Rh+ blood, generally there is no problem. • But within a couple weeks of exposure, it will develop antibodies to the Rh+ antigen. So the next time it’s exposed to Rh+ blood, the antibodies clump with the antigen.

22. Rh factor • What is erythroblastosisfetalis? • Aka: hemolytic disease of newborn • During the birthing process, mother and baby blood will come into contact with each other • So if an Rh- mom gives birth to an Rh+ baby, the first baby shouldn’t be affected. But the mom’s body will develop Rh antibodies within a couple weeks of birth • So if she has another Rh+ baby, the Rh antibodies that are now present in her blood with attack the baby’s blood. • What are its symptoms? • Hemolysis of the baby’s blood leads to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) • How can it be treated? • Usually prevented by giving Rh- moms a medicine called RHO Gam within 72 hours of giving birth for each birth. • The RHO Gam will destroy any Rh+ cells that may have entered the mom’s bloodstream and prevent antibodies from ever forming.

23. Blood Disorders • Anemia – • Deficiency in the amount of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. • Iron deficiency anemia “low iron” is a common type • Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, pallor (paleness)... • All symptoms are due to body not having enough oxygen or hemoglobin 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

24. Blood disorders • Thrombus – • Blood clot formed in a blood vessel that remains attached • (If it breaks off, it’s called an embolus) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

25. Blood disorders • Embolism – • embolus (any substance foreign to the bloodstream: air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, bacterial clumps…) travels through the artery until it reaches a spot too small to travel through and becomes lodged. • Very dangerous depending on where the embolus ends up. CAN BE DEADLY!! What is the difference between an embolism and a thrombus? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

26. Blood disorders Contusion – injured tissue or skin where capillaries have been ruptured. A “bruise” Hematoma – a localized mass of clotted blood found in a tissue, organ or space. Results from traumatic injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture. Explain the difference between a hematoma and a contusion.

27. Blood disorders • Hemophilia – hereditary disease where the blood clots slowly or abnormally. • Happens because you are either missing or have low levels of one of the clotting factor. • Transmitted genetically by mothers to their sons. • Symptoms are prolonged bleeding with even minor cuts. • Hemophiliacs are taught to avoid trauma • Treated by being given clotting factors, either prophylactically or during active bleed.

28. Blood disorders Leukemia – cancer of the body’s blood forming tissues. • Causes great increase in number of leukocytes, but they are immature and don’t function properly • So many WBC’s, they replace the RBC’s  decreased oxygen to cells • Symptoms - fever, infections, weakness, fatigue, enlarged liver, easy bruising or bleeding... (all related to lack of functional WBC’s and lack of RBC’s) • Treatment – radiation, chemotherapy, or a bone marrow transplant

29. Blood disorders Multiple Myeloma – cancer of certain white blood cells. • Cancer cells accumulate in the bone marrow, where they interfere with the production of normal blood cells • Symptoms are anemia, bone pain, fatigue, weakness, amyloidosis (Amyloid is a protein normally made by your bone marrow. Amyloidosis is when it builds up abnormally.) • Treated with chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

30. Blood disorders Polycythemia – disease in which too many red blood cells are formed. • Causes a thickening of the blood with possible blood clot formation • Primary: Polycythemia Vera – slow growing blood cancer • Secondary: high altitudes where there’s less oxygen • Symptoms: headache, weakness, dizziness… • Treated with phlebotomy (removing blood) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

31. Blood disorders • Septicemia – “blood poisoning” • Occurs when a bacterial infection enters the bloodstream • Untreated septicemia can quickly progress to sepsis, which is a serious complication of an infection characterized by inflammation throughout the body. • Treated with IV antibiotics and fluids 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

32. Blood disorders Sickle cell anemia – red blood cells form in an abnormal crescent shape. • Anemia - Sickled cells are more fragile and die quicker, leaving your body without enough RBC’s • Pain - Sickle shaped RBC’s get stuck in small vessels  causes episodes of pain called crises. Can happen in chest, abdomen or JOINTS • Hand Foot syndrome – happens in babies when sickled cells block blood flow out of hands and feet

33. Blood disorders Sickle cell anemia – • Genetic disorder. Recessive inheritance, so both parents have to have the gene. • In the US, it’s mostly found in African Americans • Only cure is bone marrow transplant

34. What are the functions of the heart? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

35. Functions of the heart Did you know? At rest, 2 ounces of blood is circulated with each heart beat. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

36. Functions of the heart PUMPS BLOOD • Cardiopulmonary circulation (pumps blood to lungs to pick up oxygen) • Systemic circulation (pumps blood to the entire body to supply it with oxygen and nutrients) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

37. Functions of the heart • What makes it pump? • Electricity • An electric impulse spreads throughout the heart muscle causing it to contract. This is what makes your heart “beat” • Did you know… • If you remove the heart from the body, it will continue to beat 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

38. Functions of the heart • Sinoatrial (SA) node – • Heart’s pacemaker • Located in top of right atrium • Generates the electric impulse and sends it out across the atria • Causes the atria to contract (known as systole) • P wave seen on EKG • As the atria contract, blood is squeezed downward into the ventricles. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

39. Functions of the heart From SA node  Atrioventricular (AV node)  Bundle of HIS  Right and Left Bundle Branches  Purkinje fibers The Purkinje Fibers deliver the electrical stimulation throughout the ventricles!! 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

40. Functions of the heart • As the purkinje fibers deliver electricity to the ventricles, they contract (ventricular systole). • This contraction pushes the blood out of the ventricles and into the pulmonary artery on the right side and aorta on the left side. • The QRS wave is seen on the EKG 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

41. Functions of the heart • After the ventricles have pushed most of the blood out, they relax (ventricular diastole). • This ventricular relaxation is seen as the T wave on the EKG. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

42. Functions of the heart

43. Electrocardiogram • SYSTOLE = contraction phase • DIASTOLE = relaxation phase Baseline of an EKG is a flat line: P = Atrial contraction QRS = Ventricular contraction T = Ventricular relaxation 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

44. Hear the beat! What makes the lubbdupp sound? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

45. Hear the beat! • When your ventricles start to relax, the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) close. • This causes the second heart sound. (S2/dub) Animation Video • When your ventricles start to contract, the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) close. • This causes the first heart sound. (S1/lub) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

46. Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps that creates pressure against the walls of the arteries • SYSTOLIC PRESSURE • Measured during the contraction phase • DIASTOLIC PRESSURE • Measured when the ventricles are relaxed What is the normal blood pressure for an adult? 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

47. Vessels of the circulatory system • ARTERIES • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. • What is the one exception to this? • Arteries are elastic, muscular and thick walled. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

48. Vessels of the circulatory system • VEINS • Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the heart. • What is the exception to this? • Vein walls are thinner, less elastic and less muscular 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

49. Vessels of the circulatory system • Capillaries • Capillary walls are extremely thin to allow nutrients, oxygen and waste products to pass in and out 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

50. Remember Pulse Sites? • Where do they come from? Temporal Brachial Radial Ulnar Carotid Popliteal Femoral tibialis dorsalis pedis 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system