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The Human Body—An Orientation

The Human Body—An Orientation. Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function. Anatomy—Levels of Study. Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable. Parotid gland. Mouth (oral cavity).

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The Human Body—An Orientation

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  1. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function

  2. Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable

  3. Parotid gland Mouth (oral cavity) Sublingual gland Tongue Salivary glands Submandibular gland Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small intestine Jejunum lleum Ascending colon Large intestine Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal Figure 14.1

  4. Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope

  5. Gastric pits Surface epithelium Gastric pit Pyloric sphincter Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric gland Gastric glands Chief cells (c) Figure 14.4c

  6. Molecules Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessels 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Cardio– vascular system Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1

  7. Figure 1.1, step 1

  8. Figure 1.1, step 2

  9. Figure 1.1, step 3

  10. Figure 1.1, step 4

  11. Figure 1.1, step 5

  12. Figure 1.1, step 6

  13. Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

  14. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Build larger molecules from smaller ones Produces energy Regulated by hormones Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

  15. Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Occurs on cellular level or organismal level Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells

  16. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

  17. Survival Needs Water 60 to 80 percent of body weight Most abundant chemical in the human body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate for gas exchange

  18. Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

  19. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 1

  20. Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 2

  21. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Afferent pathway Receptor Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 3

  22. 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 4

  23. 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4, step 5

  24. 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 3 Control Center Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Receptor Effector Receptor detects change. 2 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 VARIABLE (in homeostasis) IMBALANCE Figure 1.4

  25. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

  26. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

  27. The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures

  28. Regional Terms Anterior body landmarks

  29. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Upper limb Nasal Acromial Buccal Deltoid Oral Brachial (arm) Mental Antecubital Cervical Thoracic Antebrachial Sternal (forearm) Axillary Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Manus (hand) Inguinal (groin) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Pubic (genital) Patellar Crural (leg) KEY: Fibular Pedal (foot) Thorax Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral Figure 1.5a

  30. WARM UP: SEPTEMBER 6, 2012 • Which of the following is not a survival need? • A) Oxygen • B) Nutrient • C) Water • D) Growth • E) Temperature range near 37 degrees Celsius. • 2. Give the regional terms for the following body landmarks • A. Forehead - ________________________ • B. Forearm - _________________________ • C. Thigh - ____________________________ • D. Hip - _____________________________

  31. Regional Terms Posterior body landmarks

  32. Cephalic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) Scapular Antebrachial (forearm) Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) Digital Gluteal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) KEY: Fibular Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.5b

  33. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

  34. Table 1.1

  35. Directional Terms Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind

  36. Table 1.1

  37. Directional Terms Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

  38. Table 1.1

  39. Directional Terms Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

  40. Table 1.1

  41. Directional Terms Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal

  42. Table 1.1

  43. Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

  44. Body Planes There are three body planes: • Transverse or Horizontal- divides the body into a top and bottom. • Mid-SagittalorMedian- divides the body into an equal right and left side. • FrontalorCoronal- divides the body into a front and a back side.

  45. What They Look Like

  46. Sooooooo…….What if…. • You are a surgeon and planning to do open heart surgery…. you would need to make a ________________ cut into the chest cavity. • You have a patient that has gangrene in the lower portion of their leg and you need to amputate….. You would make a ________________ cut through the leg. • The abdominal muscles and muscles of the back are separated by the _______________ plane.

  47. Body Cavities There are two main body cavities: Ventral: (Belly) Which is subdivided into……. a) Abdominopelvic- which consists of the abdominal and pelvic regions, and contains the digestive and reproductive organs. b) Thoracic- which is the upper torso or chest region, and contains the heart and lungs. Dorsal:(Back)Which is subdivided into…….. • Cranial- which contains the head and includes the brain. • Vertebral (spinal)- which includes the spinal column.

  48. Body Cavities

  49. OK, sooooo……. • Which cavity is the heart found in? • Which cavity contains the spinal cord? • Which cavity contains the ovaries? • Which cavity contains the stomach? • Which cavity contains the lungs? • Which cavity consists of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

  50. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.8

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