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Agricultural and wasteland management through fly ash Dr. N.K. Srivastava Principal Scientist

Agricultural and wasteland management through fly ash Dr. N.K. Srivastava Principal Scientist Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research ( Digwadih Campus) (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) P.O. FRI, Dhanbad , Jharkhand-828 108. Why The Study?.

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Agricultural and wasteland management through fly ash Dr. N.K. Srivastava Principal Scientist

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  1. Agricultural and wasteland management through fly ash Dr. N.K. Srivastava Principal Scientist Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus) (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) P.O. FRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand-828 108

  2. Why The Study? • Coal fly Ash generation>160 M tons/annum • Present Utilization ~55% • Environmental concerns Air, Soil, Surface & Ground water pollution • Total Land 328M ha • Cultivable Land  148 M ha • Wasteland/unproductive 130 M ha • Potential to be reclaimed33 M ha • Environmental hazards • Alteration of land forms • Deforestation • Occupation of valuable/cultivable land • Leaching of toxic wastes and increase of surface runoff • Emission of pollutants viz. particulates, CO2, SOx, NOx & CH4

  3. CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL ASH FROM TPPs

  4. UTILISATION OF FLY ASH IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES • Country Percent Country Percent • Germany 85 Belgium 65 • Canada 75 UK 55 • Denmark 100 Poland 50 • France 85 India 55 • Netherland 100 China 45 • Italy 100 USA 65 Source: http://www.tifac.org.in/

  5. PotentialAreas • Fly Ash Utilization • In construction and building materials & mine fill • In agriculture/ forestry & wasteland Mgmt. (a) Soil conditioner/modifier (b) Source of essential plant nutrient (c) Fertilizer efficiency booster (d) Crop growth and yield promoter (e) Reclamation of abandoned ash pond for social forestry • In value- added products and other aspects Al2O3, Fe3O4, zeolite, recovery of un-burnt C, potassium silicate fertiliser, as shielding material in nuclear plants GHG Mitigation Through afforestation & other means (in situ infusion)

  6. Characteristics range of Indian FAs and Soil Figuresnot in parenthesis for FA & in parenthesis for soil aKumar et al, 2005; bSehgal, 1996; ICAR, 1997; cSrivastava and Gupta, 1996; dCFRI Reports: 1999-00a,b; 2000-01a,b; 2001-002a,b;2002-03

  7. Crops/Forestry species grown with FA/PA in the vicinity of various TPPs/ Coalfields

  8. Parameter Coal/ Lignite ash Soil Control Amended Sand (%) 35.0-60.0 49.6-92.86 46.8-85.8 Silt (%) 31.0-50.0 6.35-33.9 11.4-39.1 Clay (%) 6.1-9.2 0.79-17.5 2.23-16.3 BD (g/cc) 0.93-1.05 1.33-1.72 1.27-1.68 WHC (%) 43.9-57.0 19.8-39.7 22.9-45.5 Porosity (%) 52.5-56.3 29.2-47.2 33.1-52.9 EC (dS/m) 0.042-4.29 0.173-0.436 0.195-0.817 pH 7.10-10.46 6.50-9.69 6.66-8.35 CEC (me/100g) 7.1-8.9 3.5-10.5 6.2-16.5 Major & Secondary Nutrients, (Available) ppm N BDL-21 0.0009-0.058 22.5-200 P 1.65-8.25 1.9-9.7 3.0-10.56 K 38.08-180 20.6-190.1 24.2-195.05 S 44.0-100 13.0-37.8 39.8-55.1 Ca 31.0-190.0 16.5-40.2 26.0-68.9 Mg 17.735.1 9.8-22.5 13.6-25.3 Characteristics (range value) of coal/lignite ash and soil (control and amended) CFRI Reports- (1996, 2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2005-06, 2010-11)

  9. Parameter Coal/ Lignite ash Soil Control Amended Micro-nutrients and trace/heavy metals (Available) ppm Cu 0.92-2.17 1.14-2.30 1.26-2.75 Zn 0.77-2.09 0.65-1.56 0.46-1.93 Mn 0.68-19.3 6.49-10.9 6.56-10.65 Fe 5.9-62.7 19.3-39.61 20.92-45.40 Pb 0.06-3.1 BDL—2.1 1.94-2.39 Ni 0.43-4.9 0.31-2.1 0.34-2.48 Co 0.03-0.46 BDL-0.02 0.03-0.05 Cr BDL-0.54 BDL BDL Cd BDL-0.28 <0.05 <0.05 As <0.05 BDL <0.05 Hg BDL BDL BDL Dehydrogenase Activity (mg/kg/hr) - 0.29-0.31 0.34-0.40 Characteristics (range value) of coal/lignite ash and soil (control and amended) (Reports- (1996, 2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2005-06, 2010-11)

  10. Economics of one time application of PA (@ 100 t/ha) in farmer’s field at Birbhum (WB)[40, 81] The selling prices of Paddy & Potato Rs.600.00 & Rs.200.00 per quintal,

  11. Salient Features Fly Ash Soil Amendment Technology (FASAT) • Improvement in physico-chemical properties of soil • Significant increase in crop yield (15-60%) • Higher nutritional value of crop produce • Early Maturity of crops • Less incidence of pests • Beneficial residual effect (4-5 years) • No carry over of trace/heavy metals/radioactivity beyond permissible limits • Encouraging growth performance of various plant species (timber, oil yielding, fruit bearing, ornamental, medicinal)

  12. Impact of Technology • Environmental • No adverse effect due to trace/heavy metals and radioactivity on soil system, crop produce and water bodies • Enrichment in nutritional value of crop produce Socio-economic • Improvement in economic condition of the farmers due to • increased crop yield • Rendering unproductive land fertile and productive for • growing various crops and also for agro-forestry purposes • Employment generation in rural area

  13. Agricultural crops (MAHAGENCO) • Improvement in physicochemical properties and fertility status of soil. • Increase in yield (20-40%) over control of various crops. • Significant residual effect of PA on the yield of succeeding crops. • Subst. increase in conc. of total & avail. nutrients in soils without • any significant increase in trace/heavy metals and radionuclides • Early maturity of crop & lesser incidence of pests • Improvement in the utilization efficiency of NPK fertilizers Av. Crop yield (Q/ha)

  14. Bio-reclamation of low-lying area/wasteland management • Improvement in fertility status of ash filled area • 90-95% survival rate & better growth of species • Higher rate of photosynthesis, stomatal cond. & better canopy cover • Reduction (~30%) in CO2 & suspended particulates • Significant decrease in surface runoff (soil, water & nutrient erosion)

  15. 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01

  16. Contour map of selected coal mine spoil dump Layout for plantation (Area: 27600 m2) Ash filled area

  17. List of different plant species planted on coal mine spoil

  18. Physicochemical characteristics of mine spoil before & after plantation Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg – Below detection limit (BDL)

  19. Biological characteristics Leaf area B Photosynthetic rate C

  20. Concentration of CO2 and other air quality parameters Soil & water conservation potential of some dominant plant species on coal mine spoil

  21. Flow Diagram of Bulk Use of Fly Ash in Agro-forestry Sector Coal ASH POND Conveyor PUMP Agl Land Waste & Degraded Land Leaching study Low Lying Land Improved Soil Fertility Ash Filling/stow Improved Soil fertility Field Preparation Crop Farming Social Forestry Crop Farming Tree Plantation ESP FLY ASH

  22. Plausible mechanism of soil health improvement by FA amendment • Pozzolanic property of FA brings about improvement in BD, HC, WHC, CEC of soil. • The predominant silt content in FA significantly improves infiltration rate of diff. types of soils, which contain higher percentages of either sand or clay. • Nutritional status of soil is improved due to its enrichment with nutrient elements from FA. Soil’s health improvement is thus attributed to cumulative effect of improvement in individual physicochem. properties, nutritional status, microbial population of soil. • The improvement in plant biomass/productivity due to uptake of essential plant nutrients from FA in available form. • The absorptive properties/higher surface area of FA help retain the nutrient ions in soil system for longer periods, especially by checking N-loss from the soil due to volatilisation, leaching and de-nitrification. The fertiliser ions are taken up by the plants in phases as and when required. • A zeolite layer forms on the surface of ash particle in presence of moisture, with 6 and 12 fold coordination number, which holds macro and micro nutrients respectively so that each particle becomes a repository of nutrients and a potential nutrient pump.

  23. RECENT IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS Smriti Singh, LC. Ram, RE. Masto, SK. Verma , 2011, Comparative evaluation of minerals &trace elements in the ashes from lignite, coal refuse, and biomass fired power plants, International Journal of Coal Geology (Elsevier), 87 (2), pp. 112-120.  (14th among Top 25 Hottest articles) L.C. Ram, R.E. Masto, Smriti Singh, et al, An appraisal of FASAT\) of CIMF) , 2011, WASET Journal (Venice, Italy) 76, pp. 703-714. NK Srivastava, LC Ram, 2011, Reclamation of coal mine-spoil through FA & biological amendments, Intl J Ecology & Dev (India), 17(F10), 17-33. Lal C. Ram, Reginald E. Masto, 2010. An appraisal of the potential use of fly ash for reclaiming coal mine spoil, JEM (Elsevier, USA), 91, 603–617. Tripathi RC, Jha SK, Ram LC, 2010, Impact of FA Application on Trace Metal Contents in Some Root Crops, Energy Sources Part- A: Reco Utili & Env Effec. (Taylor & Francis), 32(6), 576-589. RC Tripathi, RE Masto, LC Ram,2009. Bulk use of PA for cultivation of wheat-maize-eggplant crops in sequence on a fallow land , Res, Consa Recy (Elsevier),54 (2),. 134-139. NK Srivastava, LC Ram, 2009. Bulk use of FA in sustainable reclamation of low lying area. Ecol. Env. Con. (Enviromedia, India), 15(3) 605-617. Ram LC, Jha SK, et al, 2008. Remediation of FA landfills through plantation. Remediation (John Wiley, USA) 18:71–90. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K, \ al, 2007. Management of LFA through its bulk use via biological amendments for improving the fertility & crop productivity of soil, Env Mgmt (Springer-Verlag,) 40: 438–52. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K, Thakur, et al, 2007. Leaching behavior of lignite FA with shake & column tests, Envtl Geol. (Springer-Verlag, Germany)51: 1119–1132. Urvashi, Masto, RE., Selvi, VA., Ram, LC, Srivastava, NK, 2007. An international study: effect of FYM on release of P from FA, Remediation (John Wiley, USA), Vol 17: 69 – 81. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., et al. 2006. Management of mine spoil for crop productivity with LFA and biological amendments, J Environ Manage (Elsevier, USA), 79 (2):173-187.

  24. IN PRESS Singh S, LC Ram, AK Sarkar. 2011. Mineralogical Characteristics of the Ashes derived from Combustion of Lignite, Coal Washery Rejects, and Mustard Stalk. Ener Reso Part A: Reco, Utili & Envtl Effec. (Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia). Masto R. E., T Sengupta, Kapil Sunar, Ram LC, et al., 2011. Impact of FA on soil carbon. Ener Reso Part A: Reco, Utili & Envtl Effec.(Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia). Masto R. E., M Mahato, V. A. Selvi, L.C. Ram, 2011. Effect of FA application on ‘P’ availability in acid soil. Ener Reso Part A: Reco, Utili & Envtl Effec (Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia). N.K. Srivastava , L.C. Ram, 2011. Reclamation of mine overburden and lowland with coal FA: A sustainable ecological approach. Energy Sources, Part A: Reco, Utili & Envtl Effects (Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia) (Ms. No. UESO-2011-0470). Selvi V A, Ram L C, et al, 2011. Synthesis & characterization of silica from Indian Fly Ashes Int. J. of waste management Ider Science, Egypt) MS. IJEWM_17934. Selvi V.A, Ram L C, et al,, 2011.Biogenic silica: A selective molluscicides for the most damaging snail pests Achatina fulica 27986-JE-AJ American Society of Entomology, Journal of Entomology (Acedemic Journal, USA).

  25. Cash the ash

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