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Simon Bolivar, “Liberator”

Simon Bolivar, “Liberator”. Venezuelan independence. 1810 creoles formed junta promoted free trade policies & reduced taxes 1811 Venezuelan congress proclaimed independence & republicanism eliminated fueros & tribute requirements retained slavery, state Catholicism

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Simon Bolivar, “Liberator”

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  1. Simon Bolivar, “Liberator”

  2. Venezuelan independence 1810 creoles formed junta • promoted free trade policies & reduced taxes 1811 Venezuelan congress proclaimed independence & republicanism • eliminated fueros & tribute requirements • retained slavery, state Catholicism • limited citizenship to non-black/mulatto property owners Patriot/royalist fighting ensued • many freedmen and priests on royalist side Slaves revolted against creole & peninsular owners

  3. Latin America in 1830

  4. San Martin’s liberation campaigns 1816 “United Provinces of La Plata” declared independence 1818 freed Chile from Spanish forces Planned attack on Lima with British aid 1821 Peruvian independence declared • rife with internal conflict 1822 meeting of Bolivar & San Martin 1824 final battle won by Bolivar (Ayacucho)

  5. Fr. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico

  6. Agustín de Iturbide, Mexico

  7. Mexico’s conservative path, 1821 Elite creoles’ goals for independence • civil equality of creoles & peninsulares • supremacy of Catholic Church • autonomous monarch (initially Augustín) • retention of fueros for military & church Reaction against Spanish Constitution, 1812

  8. Coronation of Iturbide

  9. Latin America in 1830

  10. Independencefrom Spanish to creole dominance Little change to social or economic relationships: “post-colonial” societies Landowners’ authority increased • now combined with military experience Influx of Euro manufactures (free trade) destroyed nascent local industries

  11. Economic impact of independence Disruption of civil wars & troop migrations livestock herds & crops depleted mines & plantations deteriorated reductions or end to tribute & slave trade loss of many peninsulares Governments in significant debt ability to collect taxes decreased Hacienda dominance continued

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