Chapter 25

1. Chapter 25 New Imperialism

2. New Imperialism • In 1880’s Europe began an unprecedented expansion into Africa and Asia.

3. New Imperialism Built on a foundation of technological advances 1. Fire Arms • Breech loading Rifles • rapid fire weapons (Gatling Gun) 2. Transportation • Steamships, Suez Canal 3. Communication • Telegraph 4. Medicine • Quinine, an effective treatment for Malaria

4. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 1. Capitalism • Markets for industrial goods • Source of raw materials

5. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 2. Social Imperialist • Viewed imperialism as a means of solving domestic issues • Example: Overpopulation

6. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 3. Exploration • European Scientist (geologist, botanist, cartographers) scrambled all over the word • Published descriptions and statistics on native peoples, lists of flora and fauna, maps.

7. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 4. Nationalism • Colonies seen as a way of showing the power and importance of the nation on a global scale

8. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 5. Religion • Missionaries wanted to convert non-Christians • Christian missionaries first Europeans to penetrate central Africa

9. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 6. Social Darwinism • Belief that white races should be sovereign over people of Africa and Asia. • Goal to improve the moral and material well being of non-whites • “bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives needs”

10. New Imperialism Motivating Factors 7. Balance of Power • Nations wanted colonies so that other nations would not get them

11. India • British dominance of India began after withdrawal of French after Seven Years War (1756-1763) • During 19th century independent Indian territories fell under British Control • Sepoy Rebellion 1857 - British East India Company replaced by a centralized colonial structure • 1877 Queen Victoria declared Empress of India • India was the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire

12. China Informal Empire • Spheres of Influence - European states controlled economy of China • “treaty ports” European nation gained direct control over a series of ports along coast • Boxer Rebellion- armed uprising, 200 westerners killed - Europe responded with direct military intervention, received increased concessions, China forced to pay indemnity

13. Imperialism in Asia • Russians controlled Manchuria • French controlled Indo -China (Vietnam) • Dutch controlled Indonesia • U.S.A. controlled Philippines, Hawaii

14. Africa • Prior to 1875, Europeans had only limited territorial claims in Africa

15. Egypt • Suez Canal completed in 1869 (Britain and France) • 1882 nationalist revolt in Egypt threaten European control of Canal • Britain responded with show of strength • Chaos resulted, British restored order • British occupied Egypt • Joint British and Egyptian forces occupied Sudan

16. Tunisia • French heavily invested in Tunisia • Financial crisis in Tunisia led to French occupation in 1881

17. Sub-Saharan Africa • King Leopold II of Belgium establishes: • International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa in 1876 • Headquarters in Brussels • Focused not on science or ending slavery, instead on making territorial claims • In response, European powers began push inwards from Coastal outposts

18. Berlin Conference 1885 • Europeans feared “mad scramble” for Africa would lead to conflict in Europe. • Berlin Conference established rules for settlement of Africa • Coastal Settlement would give nation claim to adjacent inland territory • Allowed Germany and Italy to occupy unclaimed pieces of Africa

19. Berlin Conference 1885 • Territorial lines paid no attention to ethnic, tribal and linguistic characteristics of indigenous population. • No native Africans participated in Berlin Conference

20. Fashoda Crisis (1898) • As French troops pushed East from West Africa. - Wanted empire stretching west to east across North Africa • British troops pushed South from Sudan. - Wanted empire from north from Egypt to Cape Town • Brink of war over obscure outpost • French chose to give way rather than fight

21. Boer War 1899-1902 • Conflict between Dutch speaking farmers, the Boers, and British government. • Britain had acquired Cape Colony during wars of French Revolution • The Boers resented British rule • The Great Trek 1835-1837- Boers literally leave Cape Colony and establish two (racists) republics across Orange River

22. Boer War 1899-1902 • Diamonds were discovered in the Boer Republics in 1870’s-1880’s. • Prospectors, many British poured in • Cecil Rhodes gained monopoly on diamond production (founder of De Beers, Rhodes Scholarship) • Became Prime Minister of Cape Colony • 1899 Boers declared war on British • British occupied Boer Republics after 2 years of guerilla resistance

23. Cecil Rhodes • "I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race...If there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible...“ • “Remember that you are an Englishman, and have consequently won first prize in the lottery of life.“ • "In order to save the forty million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war, our colonial statesmen must acquire new lands for settling the surplus population of this country, to provide new markets... The Empire, as I have always said, is a bread and butter question"

24. British Rule in Africa

25. Scramble for Africa • Almost all of Africa divided among Europeans • Exceptions: Ethiopia and Liberia

26. Africa 1914