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Vitamins

Vitamins. organic substances in natural foods produced within the body - synthesized by microbes stabled horses may need supplemental vitamins vitamin A vision cellular differentiation bone remodeling carotene destroyed by heat, light, wet hay, storage may want to supplement in winter.

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Vitamins

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  1. Vitamins • organic substances in natural foods • produced within the body - synthesized by microbes • stabled horses may need supplemental vitamins • vitamin A • vision • cellular differentiation • bone remodeling • carotene • destroyed by heat, light, wet hay, storage • may want to supplement in winter

  2. Vitamin A • deficiency • poor bone development • poor night vision • extreme deficiency • excessive tear production • infertility in mares • feeds supplemented 10,000 iu/kg • toxic 5X

  3. vitamin D • maintain calcium:phosphorus homeostasis • blocking agents • synthesized in body with sunlight • deficiency of Vitamin D • depressed blood Ca draws Ca from bone • lameness • bone fractures • requirements not established • deficiency and toxicity same symptoms

  4. Vitamin E • antioxidant value • related with selenium • deficiencies associated with myopathies in foals • requirements not established • ? - hard-working horses may have muscular problems with deficiency • destroyed with oxidation • moisture and storage • moldy hay • ground grains • deficiency • neurological diseases

  5. B complex vitamins • adequate in forages and synthesized by bacteria in LI • exceptions • thiamine • role in energy metabolism • heavy exercise may be marginal deficiency • deficiency • ? lack of coordination in hind end • heart problems • folic acid • decrease with months of intense exercise • decrease with prolonged stabling • give access to pasture

  6. B12 • contains cobalt • deficient areas • deficient in ruminants • ? anemia and decreased RBC in horses • biotin • water soluble • availability • wheat, barley, milo: low • oats : medium • corn : available • deficiency • cracked hooves • 15 mg/day

  7. water • most important nutrient • lack of H2O more serious than any other nutrient • lost in urine, feces, sweat, evaporation • increased water consumption with hay and grain • idle horse drinks 28 liters/day - cool weather • “ “ “ 80 liters/day - hot weather • increased water intake with exercise • 3 % of BW loss of water affects performance • 5-10% of BW loss during endurance race

  8. Ration Formulation • ration dependent on level of activity • idle horse - good roughage and salt/mineral block • 450 kg horse needs about 15,000 kcal/day energy • exercising horse - roughage and concentrate • energy increase usually fulfills protein, vitamin and mineral increase, except calcium • increase energy intake by adding fat

  9. “calorie” - = 1 kilocalorie • amount of energy required as heat to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1o C • 1000 kcal in 1 megacalorie (Mcal) • DE and TDN • % BW • .5 % BW/day as roughage

  10. Sprinting Vs. Endurance • grain:hay ratio varies • sprint • maximum hay/day 1.5% BW • hay retains a lot of water in the gut • endurance • advantageous to feed hay - 1.5 to 2% BW • retains water • add fat (up to 15 % of total ration)

  11. Day of Competition • H2O available at all times • endurance/eventing • feed hay and grain 4 hours prior to competition • glucose and insulin stabilize • continuous water • electrolytes • sprinting sports • also 4 hours prior to competition

  12. Glycogen Loading • enhance performance by delaying glycogen depletion • manipulation of diet in humans • exhaustive exercise - low CHO diet • light exercise - high CHO diet • replenish glycogen over normal resting stores • horse • conditioned horse has large amounts of glycogen • high CHO diet - laminitis or tying-up

  13. Table 13.1 and 13.2

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