Chapter 7: Growth and Division American History

1. Chapter 7: Growth and DivisionAmerican History

2. The Era of Good Feeling • Due to nationalism and only one party (Republicans) existing in power, Monroe’s presidency has been called the Era of Good Feeling • The nation was filled with pride, and new reforms and policies were beginning to make it a strong world power

3. Triumvirate, if you will • Three men, representatives in the United States, would be influential during this time period • Henry Clay • John C. Calhoun • Daniel Webster • These men would literally make a triumvirate (three man power) on Capital Hill

4. Economic Nationalism • Second Bank of the United States • Blocked re-chartering of First National Bank caused banks to use bank notes as money, and the government to borrow money to pay for the War of 1812 with higher interest attached to it • Calhoun proposed a second National Bank • With help from Clay and Webster, it was passed • Tariff of 1816 • British goods were coming in at low costs, which threatened to put companies out of business • This tariff is a protective tariff, which taxes imports in order to drive up prices

5. Judicial Nationalism • Several court cases came during this era that would shape the nation’s legal system • Martin v. Hunter’s Lesse • McCulloch v. Maryland • Gibbons v. Ogden • Each group will research this court case and present the case and the verdict to the class

6. Nationalist Diplomacy • Florida (Spanish colony) invaded by Seminole warriors • Separatist • Threatened to stop U.S. forces from coming into Florida • Secretary of War Calhoun ordered Gen. Andrew Jackson to invade Florida • Instead of taking several Seminole villages, Jackson removed the governor of Florida • Spain ordered to punish him, but Secretary of State Adams defended him • Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty

7. Monroe Doctrine • Number of factors contributed to international diplomacy from the U.S. • Spanish colonies declaring independence • Quadruple Alliance (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) • U.S. had issues with Spanish colonies and Russia coming to U.S. space • Monroe Doctrine was constructed to avoid European influence in U.S. affairs and interfering with the Americas

8. Early Industry • During the Monroe Administration, the Industrial Revolution was beginning to occur in the United States • Major innovations in science, technology, and living • This period in history would lead to improvements in living conditions for Americans, as well as easier navigation systems

9. Major innovations • Gather into 5 groups of 6 people and research one of the following innovations • Roads and Turnpikes (pg. 246) • Steamboats and Canals (pg. 247) • Locomotives (pg. 247) • Production (pgs. 247-248) • Technological Advancements (pgs. 248-249) • Report on these in front of the class

10. Workers unite! • With cities and factories growing, workers began to unite in order to get better working conditions • Labor unions • In order to stress the importance of their demands, labor unions organized strikes, or work stoppages • Unsuccessful until later in the 19th century

11. Southern economy • Unlike the North, whose economy was based primarily on textiles and metals, the South was based on agriculture • Thrived on several cash crops, or crops that brought in money • The major crop that was raised in the South was cotton, which is used to make clothing

12. The Cotton Gin • Before selling cotton, it was required to pick out the many seeds inside the plant • Took slaves a day to pick out a pound of lint • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which shortened the seed picking process • Enabled hundreds of pounds of cotton to be shipped daily • Along with the cotton gin came the increased revenue of the Southern economy, and the ability to buy more slaves

13. Southern society • Southern society was broken down into these classes: • Planters (owned large plantations) • Yeoman farmers (ordinary farmers, made up vast majority of population) • Small urban class of doctors, lawyers, merchants, & other professions • Rural poor • Slaves (owned by both planters and yeoman farmers) • Planters owned hundreds, while yeoman farmers owned a handfull

14. Slavery • Depending on where the slaves were, they were organized into two systems • Task system (slaves were given specific jobs, and got done when all the tasks were done • Gang system (organize into groups and worked from dawn to dusk • Driver: leader of the slave gang; fellow slave who was loyal • Slaves were also subjected to legal restrictions • Slave codes: forbade enslaved men and women from owning property or leaving the slaveholder’s premises without permission

15. The Missouri Compromise • Missouri desired to be accepted into the Union as a slave state • Congress proposed resolution to prohibit slaveholders from bringing new slaves in and all enslaved children to be freed at age 25 (Senate rejects) • Maine also desired to join the Union, so this was used to balance out the compromise (Maine and Missouri would have the same compromise, but Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine as freed • Amendment was also passed that banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory (Arkansas)

16. Election of 1824 • Look on pages 258-259, read about the election of 1824, and tell me the following: • Candidates • What the candidates stood for and who they represented • How the campaigns went • Who won • Write down and define the following: American system, corrupt bargain, Democratic Republicans, National Republicans

17. John Quincy running the show • John Quincy Adams was known for his diplomatic skills while serving as Secretary of State • Desired to leave same impression on his presidency • Urged federal revenue be used to build a national university, an observatory, and to fund scientific research • Congress granted the funds to be used on improving rivers and harbors and for extending the National Road westward, instead

18. Election of 1828 • Pitted Adams against Andrew Jackson • Both campaigns were bitter, descending into mudslinging, or criticizing other candidates’ personalities and values • Jackson was declared winner • Supported by the South and West, rural farmers, and small town men • “Old Hickory”