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Lecture 16 - MANGALS

Lecture 16 - MANGALS. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species. Conditions for Mangal Formation. 1. Protection from strong wave action. 2. Availability and accumulation of sediment. 3. Periodic flooding by salt water.

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Lecture 16 - MANGALS

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  1. Lecture 16 - MANGALS

  2. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species

  3. Conditions for Mangal Formation 1. Protection from strong wave action 2. Availability and accumulation of sediment 3. Periodic flooding by salt water Mangal = Tropical Salt Marsh

  4. Mangals - Tropical Salt Marshes

  5. World Distribution

  6. Mangrove Succession

  7. Mangrove Succession -Red Mangrove - Rhizophora mangle

  8. Tolerating Anaerobic Mud Lenticels Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud

  9. lenticel apply grease to root O2 O2 Concentration O2 To prop root 48 h time

  10. Red Mangrove - basis of community 1. Provide substrate for growth of other species

  11. Red Mangrove - basis of community 2. Trap sediment and stabilize shore

  12. Black Mangrove (Avicenna) - second stage of succession

  13. Structure of the Black Mangrove Pneumatophores (air root) Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud Anchor root Radial root

  14. Pneumatophores

  15. Pneumatophores

  16. Coping with salt Salt secreting glands on leaf

  17. Final Successional Stage - White Mangrove - Laguncularia racemosa -least tolerant of salt and aerobic muds

  18. Mangrove Succession and Zonation

  19. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1. Plant succession due to land building - plant zonation - a successional sequence But do mangroves cause different patterns of sediment deposition or just respond to deposition?

  20. 1. Land building MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 2. Geomorphological influences -mangroves response to changes in geomorphology but don’t cause them Patterns depend on abiotic patterns of sediment deposition

  21. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses a. Distinct preference Gradient Different optima for each species leads to zonation

  22. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses a. Distinct preference b. No preference Gradient Optimum range for all species Zonation is determined by other factors (competition, predation)

  23. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients e.g. Tidal inundation 35 ppt <10 ppt

  24. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients 100 Seedling Survival (%) 50 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Salinity

  25. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Ceriops tagal Ceriops australis Optimum salinity for germination - 15 ppt (lab) 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Salinity

  26. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 4. Propagule dispersion

  27. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Dominance  1/predation Grapsid crabs

  28. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution Avicennia marina

  29. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution

  30. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution

  31. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion Propagule predation MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 6. Competition ?

  32. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS Structure of Mangroves

  33. Lutjanus griseus (Gray snapper) MANGROVES AS NURSERIES Juveniles live in mangroves & move to Thalassia at night to feed Spawn on ocean side of reef Postlarva moves to Thalassia beds

  34. Mangrove Reproduction - Red Mangrove Wind Pollinated

  35. Mangrove Reproduction - Black Mangrove Wind Pollinated

  36. Mangrove Reproduction - White Mangrove Insect Pollinated

  37. Mangrove Food Chain Bacterial and fungal recolonization Leaf particles colonized by bacteria and fungi fish Particulate organic matter Small fish prawn MANGROVE LEAF Direct grazing by crabs detritus Dissolved organic substances Small crustacea Absorbed by sediment bacteria protozoa algae algae Eaten by mud whelks

  38. Hurricanes and Mangroves

  39. Hurricanes and Mangroves

  40. Hurricanes and Mangroves

  41. Hurricanes and Mangroves

  42. Hurricanes and Mangroves Costanza et al, 2008. AMBIO 37(4):241-248.

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