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Physical Oceanography

Physical Oceanography. The Oceans Sea Water Ocean Movements. Chap. 15. Objectives. The Oceans – 15.1. identify methods used by scientists to study Earth’s oceans discuss the origin and composition of the oceans. describe the distribution of oceans and major seas. Introduction.

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Physical Oceanography

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  1. Physical Oceanography The Oceans Sea Water Ocean Movements Chap. 15

  2. Objectives The Oceans – 15.1 • identify methods used by scientists to study Earth’s oceans • discuss the origin and composition of the oceans. • describe the distribution of oceans and major seas

  3. Introduction

  4. Introduction • Uses What are some useful features of oceans?

  5. Introduction • Uses • travel • fishing/food • recreation

  6. Introduction • Uses • Studying

  7. Introduction • Uses • Studying • H.M.S. Challenger Measured depth, water temperature, fauna, current, and other data. First measured Mariana trench (26,890 ft.)

  8. Introduction • Uses • Studying • H.M.S. Challenger • Meteor Used sonar to map undersea topography

  9. Example Calculation A sonar signal travels about 1500 m/s in ocean water. If it takes 6 seconds for a signal to return to the ship after it is emitted what is the distance to the ocean floor?

  10. Introduction • Uses • Studying • H.M.S. Challenger • Meteor • TOPEX-Poseidon NASA satellite that measures ocean data

  11. TOPEX/Poseidon • tracks ocean tides • measures sea levels (to 5 cm accuracy) • monitors climates by measuring ocean temperatures.

  12. Ocean origins

  13. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks

  14. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks • Lava flows have been dated at 4.6 b.y.

  15. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks • Lava flows have been dated at 4.6 b.y. • These formed rocks by cooling quickly (in water)

  16. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks • Source of water

  17. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks • Source of water • Comets (dirty snow balls)

  18. Ocean origins • Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks • Source of water • Comets (dirty snow balls) • Water was trapped in Earth when it formed. Volcanoes released this into the atmosphere.

  19. Earth’s Water This is also called the hydrosphere

  20. Earth’s Water • Location Where is the Earth’s water found?

  21. The Hydrosphere

  22. The Hydrosphere

  23. The Hydrosphere

  24. The Hydrosphere

  25. The Hydrosphere

  26. The Hydrosphere

  27. Earth’s Water • Location • Amount of frozen water has varied

  28. Earth’s Water • Location • Amount of frozen water has varied • During ice ages as much as 10% of hydrosphere was frozen.

  29. Earth’s Water • Location • Amount of frozen water has varied • During ice ages as much as 10% of hydrosphere was frozen. • Sea level varied by hundreds of meters. Due to melting of glaciers and tectonic forces altering sea floor.

  30. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%)

  31. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) • The hemisphere contains higher percentage of water.

  32. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) • The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. • All oceans are connected.

  33. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) • The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. • All oceans are connected. • Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans.

  34. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) • The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. • All oceans are connected. • Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans. • Seas are partly or mostly surrounded by land.

  35. Earth’s Water • Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) • The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. • All oceans are connected. • Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans. • Seas are partly or mostly surrounded by land. • Sea ice forms in the Arctic and Antarctic seas.

  36. The End

  37. Objectives Seawater - 15.2 • compare & contrast physical and chemical properties of seawater • explain ocean layering • describe the formation of deep-water masses

  38. Chemical Properties

  39. Chemical Properties • Salinity A measure of the dissolved salts in water.

  40. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Sea water is about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) salts

  41. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Sea water is about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) salts • Salts include Na+, Cl- , SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, HCO3-, and others

  42. Chemical Properties • Salinity • The salinity varies and is lower where there is . . .

  43. Chemical Properties • Salinity • The salinity varies and is lower where there is . . . • a lot of precipitation

  44. Chemical Properties • Salinity • The salinity varies and is lower where there is . . . • a lot of precipitation • an estuary/river delta

  45. Chemical Properties • Salinity • The salinity varies and is lower where there is . . . • a lot of precipitation • an estuary/river delta • melting of glaciers

  46. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Source of sea salt

  47. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Source of sea salt • the atmosphere (Cl- and SO42-)

  48. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Source of sea salt • the atmosphere (Cl- and SO42-) • weathering rocks (Na+, K+, Ca2+ from feldspar)

  49. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Source of sea salt • Removing sea salt

  50. Chemical Properties • Salinity • Source of sea salt • Removing sea salt • deposited when water evaporates

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