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Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties?

Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? . Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D. University Information Technology Services Indiana University. 2014년 8월 7일. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Research Conference in Washington D.C. Outline. Television and Social Capital

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Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties?

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  1. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D. University Information Technology Services Indiana University 2014년 8월 7일 Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Research Conference in Washington D.C.

  2. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Outline • Television and Social Capital • The Internet and Civic Engagement • Internet Use and Face-To-Face Ties • Data and Methods • Dependent and Independent Variables • Findings • Conclusion University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  3. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Television and Social Capital • Putnam (1995): TV erodes social capital • Time displacement thesis • Mean world thesis • Norris (1996): types of media use • Shah (1998), Moy et al. (1999) • Uslaner (1998): optimism for the future • Time for watching TV does not matter University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  4. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? The Internet and Civic Engagement • Putnam (2000): skeptical view • Nie and Hillygus (2002) : negative • Shah et al. (2002): positive • Robinson et al. (2002), Wellman et al. (2001): both negative and positive • Kraut et al. (1998) and Kraut et al. (2002): conflicting conclusions • What happened? University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  5. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? The Internet and Civic Engagement • Mobilization or transformation theory • Reinforcement theory: (Davis 1999; Norris 2001) • Normalization theory: (Bimber 1999; Deli Carpini and Keeter 2003; Margolis and Resnic 2000) • Sources of mixed results • Diversity of civic engagement: Weissberg (2005) • Measures of Internet use: Bimber (2001), DiMaggio et al. (2001), Norris (2000), Wellman et al. (2001) • Causality (reciprocal, virtuous circle?): DiMaggio et al. (2001), Norris (2000), Shah (1998), Uslaner (1998) University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  6. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Internet Use and Face-To-Face Ties • Putnam (2000): Limitation of the Internet • Digital inequality (digital divide) • Less nonverbal and in-depth information • Cyberbalkanization • Wellman et al. (2001): supplemental role • Stromer-Galley (2000): computer mediated human interaction and media interaction • Weiser (2001): Socio-affective regulation and goods-and-information acquisition • Zhao (2006): social and nonsocial use University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  7. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Research Questions? • Internet use crowds out face-to-face ties? • Any change in face-to-face ties over time? • Types of Internet services matter? • Time spent for email • Time spent for WWW use • Modes (purposes) of Internet use make any difference? • Deliberation and information • Entertainment (e.g., music, movies, games) University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  8. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Data and Methods • General Social Survey • Trend analyses (1972-2008) • Statistical Modeling (2000-2004) • Recoding problems in 2000 and 2002 data • Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) • Negative Binomial Regression Model for the number of memberships University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  9. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Dependent and Independent Variables • Dependent Variables • Spending social evenings • People staying in contact with • The number of memberships • Independent Variables • Types of Internet services • Modes (purposes) of Internet use • Covariates (education, family income, gender, race, marital status, etc.) University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  10. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Internet Penetration (Pew Internet) University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  11. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Finding: No Change in Ties Over Time • No change in spending social evenings with relatives, neighbors, friends • No change in the number of friends and relatives staying in contact with • No significant change in the number of organizations that a citizen gets involved • No change in helpfulness, fairness, and trustworthiness as well • No slash or jump before and after the end of the 1990s. Then… University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  12. 1 .8 .6 .4 .2 0 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Helpfulness Fairness Trustworthiness Source: General Social Survey (1972-2008) Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Helpfulness, Fairness, Trust University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  13. 1 .8 .6 .4 .2 0 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 With Relatives With Neighbors With Friends Go To a Bar Source: General Social Survey (1972-2008) Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Spending Social Evening University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  14. 1 .8 .6 .4 .2 0 2000 2002 2004 Face-to-Face Telephone Postal Mail Meetings or Events Email Source: General Social Survey (2000-2004) Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Staying in Contact with University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  15. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? The Number of Memberships University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  16. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Finding: Spending Social Evening • Types of Internet services not matter • Modes of Internet use not matter • Education • Age • Marital status • Attendance at religious services University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  17. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Spending Social Evenings University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  18. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Finding: Staying in Contact with • Email use has a positive impact • WWW has a negative effect • Positive impact of deliberative purpose • No effect of entertainment purposes • Education and attendance at religious services are positively related • Gender (female) and race (white) have positive effects University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  19. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Staying in Contact University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  20. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? The Number of Membership University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  21. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Finding: The Number of Memberships • Email and overall WWW uses not matter • Deliberative use of WWW has a positive impact • Education and attendance at religious services are positively related. • Many zeros issue (over-dispersion) • Heavier deliberative use of WWW have less zeros than lighter use University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  22. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  23. Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? Conclusion • Preliminary analysis • No significant decline and increase in face-to-face ties over times • Spending social evenings: Internet use not matter much • Staying in contact with friends and relatives: email use and deliberative WWW use have positive effects; as communication tools • The number of memberships: deliberative WWW use positively related • Any dynamics in generations? Probably not • Causality Issue University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  24. Social Evening with Relatives Social Trust 1972 1972 1973 1973 1974 1974 1975 1975 1976 1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 1980 1980 1982 1982 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1993 1993 1994 1994 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Younger than 30 30 <= Age < 40 40 <= Age < 60 Older than 60 Graphs by Social Capital Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

  25. Social Evening with Neighbors Social Evening with Friends 1972 1972 1973 1973 1974 1974 1975 1975 1976 1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 1980 1980 1982 1982 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1993 1993 1994 1994 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 1.5 2 0 .5 1 1.5 2 0 .5 1 Younger than 30 30 <= Age < 40 40 <= Age < 60 Older than 60 Graphs by Social Capital Does Internet Use Crowd Out Face-To-Face Ties? University Information Technology Services Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing

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