And Other Extreme Weather Conditions That You Will Definitely Need to Take Notes On!!

1. Natural Disasters! And Other Extreme Weather Conditions That You Will Definitely Need to Take Notes On!!

2. Natural Disasters & Other Extreme Weather Conditions Natural Disasters are not typical conditions that people can usually expect. Although infrequent, they are events that can kill thousands of people and destroy buildings, bridges, and roads. Some examples of Natural Disasters and other Extreme Weather conditions include, but are not limited to: Tornadoes Hurricanes Wildfires Earthquakes Tsunamis Volcanic Eruptions Before we go in depth on each of these, let’s review on what we’ve learned so far about weather.

3. What is Weather? • Weather refers to conditions in the atmosphere closest to Earth, which occur over a short period of time • Weather includes all forms of humidity, winds, and precipitation (rain, snow, or hail). • Weather is affected by latitude, elevation (height above sea level), wind patterns, ocean currents, and mountain barriers

4. Explaining Volcanoes, Earthquakes & Tsunamis

5. Internal Forces At Work • Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Tsunamis are often caused by tectonic plate movement • Tectonic Plates- large slabs of rock which Earth’s continents are attached to • Where tectonic plates diverge, pressure in the mantle is reduced. • Some of the plate may sink or melt into the mantle, causing a weakness in the Earth’s crust • Pockets of molten rock form beneath the surface. Magma breaks through, resulting in an eruption of gas, magma, and ashes • Once the magma reaches the surface, it becomes lava.

6. The location of earthquakes and volcanoes are almost identical with plate boundaries • “Ring Of Fire”-area around the Pacific tectonic plate where volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are most likely to occur

7. Island Arc Formation • Many mountains and islands have been formed through volcanic eruptions • “Hot Spot”- columns of magma rises towards Earth’s surface. • If located near springs of underground water, steam pressure from the hot spot forces the water upward, producing a geyser. • Molten rock flows out a crack in Earth’s surface as tectonic plate floats over hot spot. • The Hawaiian Islands are currently located over a hot spot; therefore, it’s volcanoes are active and frequently erupt.

8. Notable Volcanic Eruptions • Mt. Vesuvius (79 A.D.)- this eruption changed the course of the Sarno River, raised sea levels, and buried thousands of Romans under volcanic ash in the city of Pompeii. • Krakatoa (1873 A.D.)- volcanic explosion blew its island apart with forces a thousand times more powerful than WWII atomic bombs.

9. Earthquakes • Plate movements cause breaks in Earth’s crust, known as faults. Sudden movements puts stress on the faults, causing vibrations known as earthquakes. • The magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis are measured by the Richter Scale. • The Richter Scale measures the force of the quake from -1 through 9.

10. San Andreas Fault • Lies on the boundary of the North American plate and the Pacific Plate • Over 750 miles long, the San Andreas Fault cuts through most of California, plaguing the area with frequent earthquakes

11. Tsunamis • Huge ocean or sea wave, caused by an underwater disturbance like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or mudslides. • Coastal areas are especially at risk • Common warning sign is water tide recession (or pulling away from) shoreline. Unfortunately, does not give people much time to prepare.

12. Notable Earthquakes & Tsunamis • San Francisco Earthquake of 1906: Much of San Francisco was destroyed by this quake, killing over 3000 people. • Because of California’s situation on the San Andreas Fault Line, more earthquakes are predicted in this area. • Indonesian Tsunami of 2004: waves as high as 100 feet struck Thai and Indonesian coastal communities, killing over 200,000 people.

13. Hurricanes • Hurricanes occur in late summer and early fall, when ocean water is very warm • Warm ocean water evaporates so quickly that it creates an area of low pressure, forming an air column that begins to spin at high speeds • The hot air rises until it cools and condenses, spinning into a circular storm with a calm eye center • The longer a hurricane stays over warm water, the stronger it becomes…and the more destruction it will cause.

14. Hurricane and Tropical Storm Chart • All Hurricanes begin as Tropical Storms, but are classified as hurricanes once winds reach speeds of 74 mph.

15. Notable Hurricanes • Galveston Hurricane (1906)- Category 4 storm that killed 8000 people in Galveston, TX. • Hurricane Katrina (2005)- Category 3 storm that killed 1800 but cost nearly $81 billion in damages

16. Beware of Flying Monkeys and Falling Houses! tornadoes

17. Tornadoes • A tornado is a windstorm that occurs over land • Caused by the collision of a warm air mass with a cool air mass • Funnel-shaped cloud that moves erratically across the ground, causing widespread destruction in a very short amount of time

18. (Well…Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires, too.) BLIZZARDS!

19. Blizzards • Winter storm with high winds and drifting or falling snow • Caused by the collision of high pressure systems (bringing snow) and low pressure systems (bringing wind) • There is usually a fair amount of warning , so people have adequate time to prepare shelter and protect their water pipes from freezing

20. Floods • Rising water levels that overflow their usual boundaries • Low-lying areas near large bodies of water are at risk • Caused by an increase of water in an area, usually because of heavy rains or melting snow

21. Wildfire • Begins in usually uninhabited areas and eventually reach where people live • Most wildfires are caused by careless human mistakes • They are more frequent in dry areas, particularly those in a drought.

22. Drought • Long period of time with little or no precipitation (min. of 15 days) • Areas surrounding deserts are particularly at risk