The Political Dilemma that Chinese Emperors Faced

1. The Political Development of Imperial ChinaEQ: Which method of selecting officials led to the best government for China?

2. The Political Dilemma that Chinese Emperors Faced Meritocracy Aristocracy Nepotism (Gov’t by Foreigners) • Experience-traditionally held government positions • Self-sufficient- can afford to pay for own education • Useful- can provide emperor with land and money • Smart-demonstrate intelligence on difficult exams • Motivated-competition for jobs provides government with qualified candidates • Influential-will make sure that Emperor is honored and respected throughout history • Loyal- would lose power if emperor loses power • Understanding- family ties allow for closer relationship • Adaptable- can be trained to serve as government officials

3. The Government of Imperial China • Mandate of Heaven- Heaven supported the dynasty for as long as the emperor ruled well.

4. China’s First Dynasty: Qin221-206 B.C.E. • Imperial China (ruled by an emperor) • Dynasties (ruling families) • 221 B.C.E. (first emperor) Qin Shihuangdi unites 7 kingdoms of China to become first emperor.

6. The Han Dynasty • Han Dynasty ruled during a golden age from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.Han dynasty uses civil service exams based on Confucianism.

7. Confucianism • Confucius (pictured) taught that people must act properly in five important relationships: ruler and subject, father and son, older sibling and younger sibling, husband and wife, and friend and friend. Those above should be kind; those below should show respect and obey.

8. Confucianism • Emperors believed that government officials who had studied Confucius would be rational, moral, and able to maintain order.

9. The Han Lose the Mandate of Heaven. • 360 years of chaos follows as China breaks up into smaller kingdoms and warlords (a military leader operating outside the control of the government) fight for control.

10. The Sui dynasty reunites China. • Dynasty rules from 589 until 618.

11. The Tang Dynasty: 618-907 • Tang mostly used educated aristocracy (a ruling class of noble families) as scholar-officials to run government

12. Tang Civil Service Examinations • The Tang dynasty (like the Han dynasty) used civil service examinations based on the works of Confucius.

13. Collapse of the Tang • Peasant rebellions help lead to Tang collapse in 907 • Chaos for 50 to 60 years

14. The Song Dynasty: 960-1279 • Song reunify country in 960 • Song create meritocracy (rule by officials that earn their positions)

15. Neo-Confucianism • Neo-Confucianism - a blend of Confucius teachings with elements of Buddhism and Daoism became the basis of civil service exams in 1190.

16. Meritocracy • Song made it so people from lower classes could get education to pass exams.

17. Mongol Invasion • Song dynasty ends with invasion by the Mongols

18. Yuan Dynasty: 1279-1368 • Temujin, Genghis Khan starts Mongol empire in 1206 and conquers Northern China • Kublai Khan, completes conquest of China, begins Yuan dynasty.

19. Mongol Empire

20. Government by Foreigners • Under Yuan, Mongols and foreigners (such as Marco Polo) controlled all the important government positions. • Abandonment of civil service exams.

21. The Ming Dynasty: 1368-1644 • Mistreatment of Chinese cause rebellion. • Ming re-establishes civil service examinations.

22. Advantages of Ming Civil Service System • well-organized government; emphasized moral behavior, justice, kindness, loyalty to emperor, proper conduct, loyalty to family; it gave poor men an opportunity to be government official; it ensured that government officials were trained and talented

23. Disadvantages of Ming Civil Service System • Exams did not test science, mathematics, and engineering; Confucian scholars had little respect for merchants, business, and trade; bureaucracy became set in its way and was unable to adapt.

24. Ch. 16 Political Development of Imperial China Comprehension Questions 16.3 Aristocracy: The Tang Dynasty 1. Who were scholar-officials? 2. What was the examination for scholar-officials primarily based on? 3. Why did aristocrats continue to hold most offices? 16.4 Meritocracy: The Song Dynasty 1. According to emperors and scholars, knowledge of Confucius would produce what type of government official? 2. What new group of people was allowed to become government officials during the Song period? 3. Why did people want government jobs? 16.5 Government by Foreigners: The Period of Mongol Rule 1. Whom did Kublai Khan choose to fill important government positions? 2. What happened to Chinese scholars during the Mongol rule? 16.6 The Revival of the Civil Service System 1. How did hiring scholars help China? 2. How did hiring scholars hurt China?

25. China Develops a New Economy

26. Under the Song DynastyA new type of rice allowed farmers to plant at least two crops of rice per year--- Rice production increased--Population increased (especially in south) and landowners became wealthier--Trade increased as landowners wanted to spend money on luxury goods--Traders brought more luxury items to local markets--Large cities developed.

27. Changes in Agriculture • Many farmers fled south from Huang He river basin to Chang Jiang river basin to escape Mongols. • New type of rice and improvements in agriculture (plow, harrow, and chain pump) • Peasants also grow tea, cotton, sugar, and mulberry trees. • Surplus of food leads to specialization which leads to growth of cities.

28. The Growth of Trade and Commerce • The landowners demand for luxuries spurred trade. • A vast network of rivers and canals (including the Grand Canal) connected different parts of China. • Improvements in navigation increased overseas trade. • Increased trade lead to copper shortage which lead to paper currency • Increased trade lead to merchant class. • China attains highest standard of living in the world. • Growth of cities

29. Urbanization • People moved to cities for economic opportunities. • Marco Polo is amazed by the size of Chinese cities. • Women lose status in cities and foot binding becomes a common practice.