1 / 54

Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds. Atoms : smallest unit of matter. Protons: + charge, in nucleus Neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus Electrons: - charge, in electron cloud. Compounds/Molecules : two or more atoms “stuck” together. 1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons

shelby
Download Presentation

Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Basic Chemistry and Organic Compounds

  2. Atoms: smallest unit of matter • Protons: + charge, in nucleus • Neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus • Electrons: - charge, in electron cloud

  3. Compounds/Molecules: two or more atoms “stuck” together • 1. Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons • 2. Ionic Bonds: atoms “steal” electrons • Ion: a charged particle (Na+ or Cl-

  4. Chemical formula: a written representation of a compound • C6H12O6 = glucose • H2O= water • CO2= carbon dioxide

  5. Structural formula:shows how atoms are bonded together

  6. Acids, Bases, and pH

  7. Acids: any compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water • Examples: • Lemons • Stomach acid • Sulfuric acid (battery acid)

  8. Bases: produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water • Examples: • Ammonia • Draino • Soap

  9. pH scale:a scale from 1-14 measuring the amount of H+ ions in a substance

  10. Neutralization reaction • Acid + Base  Water + Salt • HCl + NaOH  H20 + NaCl

  11. Indicators: change colors in response to a particular chemical • Red and blue litmus paper • Phenolphthalein • pH paper

  12. How do pH levels affect life? • Soil pH • Water pH • Stomach pH • Blood pH

  13. Elements of Life

  14. The four most abundant elements in living things are… • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • CHON

  15. Other elements present in living things… • Iron • Potassium • Sodium • Chlorine • Sulfur • Calcium • ….

  16. Organic Compounds: compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen • C6H12O6 = glucose • CH4 = methane • C3H8 = propane

  17. Inorganic compounds: anything that is not organic • NaCl = salt • CO2 = carbon dioxide • H2O = water

  18. Carbon will bond to four other elements.

  19. Carbohydrates: compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen • Used as an energy source in your body. • Simple sugars : fruit, candy • Complex carbohydrates: pasta, potatoes

  20. Monosaccharides: • Mono = 1 • Saccharide = sugar • Also known as simple sugars: the building blocks of carbohydrates

  21. Simple sugars • Glucose • Fructose • Glacatose

  22. Disaccharaides: • Di = 2 • Saccharide = sugar • Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

  23. Polysaccharides: • Poly = many • Saccharaide = sugar • Examples: • Starch: in plants (potatoes, corn) • Glycogen: in animals (in liver) • Cellulose: in plants (wood, lettuce, celery) • Chitin: in fungus and insects (exoskeleton)

  24. Making polymers: • Dehydration synthesis • Dehydration = lacking water • Synthesis = to make

  25. Breaking down polymers • Hydrolysis • Hydro = water • Lysis = to split

  26. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes • Made of C, H, O • Used as stored energy in body

  27. Lipids are made of… • A glycerol molecule • 3 fatty acid chains

  28. Examples of lipids: • Oil • Ear wax • Cholesterol • Estrogen and testosterone • fat

  29. Saturated fats: • All carbons have single bonds. • Solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats: • Some carbons have double or triple bonds • Liquid at room temperature

  30. Saturated Fats * Unsaturated Fats

  31. Proteins • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON) • The building block of proteins are amino acids

  32. Examples of proteins in your body: • Muscles • Hair • Fingernails • Bones • Hormones

  33. Structure of amino acids • Amino acid • Dipeptide

  34. Proteins are made of • Polypeptides • Or a chain/polymer of amino acids. • There are 20 different kinds of amino acids • Their order and length of the chain makes each protein different.

  35. Protein shape is very important! • Amino acid chains will coil and fold into a specific shape

  36. Nucleic acids: • Made of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorous • Examples are DNA and RNA • Building blocks are • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen Base

  37. Enzymes: • A protein that speeds up chemical reactions. • Enzymes are shape specific.

  38. Enzymes are shape specific

  39. Catalyst: • A molecule that speeds up a reaction without being changed during the reaction. • Enzymes are biological catalysts.

  40. Active site: the part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate. • Substrate: the substance the enzyme is altering.

  41. Lock and Key Model • The substrate only fits onto a particular enzyme like a key in a lock.

  42. Induced-fit Model • The enzyme changes shape slightly after it connects with the substrate.

  43. Factors that affect enzyme action • Temperature • Enzymes have an optimal temperature • If enzymes become too hot, they will denature which changes their shape.

  44. Factors that affect enzyme action • pH • Enzymes have an optimal pH.

  45. Concentration of enzyme and substrate • The more substrate there is, the faster the reaction is.

  46. Co-enzymes • A molecule such as a vitamin that completes the shape of the enzyme.

  47. Uses of Enzymes • Baking: enzymes in yeast break starches into sugar and carbon dioxide which raises the dough.

  48. The enzyme trypsin is used to predigest baby foods.

More Related