1 / 48

Morphological Classification

Morphological Classification. Hubble proposed a scheme for classifying galaxies in his 1936 book, The Realm of the Nebulae Four types of galaxies – Ellipticals (E): En, there n=10[1 –(b/a)], so E0 is round and E7 is most flattened Lenticulars (SO or SB0)

shelby
Download Presentation

Morphological Classification

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Morphological Classification • Hubble proposed a scheme for classifying galaxies in his 1936 book, The Realm of the Nebulae • Four types of galaxies– • Ellipticals (E): En, there n=10[1 –(b/a)], so E0 is round and E7 is most flattened • Lenticulars (SO or SB0) • S01, S02, S03 – strength of dust absorption, S01 has none • SB01, SB02, SB03 – prominence of bar • Spirals – normal (S) or barred (SB) • Sa – Sc depending on bulge/disk ratio, tightness of spiral arms, and gas content • Irregulars (does not fit into above category)

  2. Hubble’s original tuning fork Hubble thought this was an evolutionary sequence, so ellipticals are “early-type” and spirals are “late-type”

  3. Hubble classification scheme

  4. Ellipticals M89 – E0

  5. Ellipticals M87—E1

  6. Ellipticals M32—E2, dwarf

  7. Ellipticals M49-E4

  8. Ellipticals M59-E5

  9. Lenticulars M84—S0

  10. Lenticulars NGC5866 – S03

  11. Spirals M65--Sa

  12. Spirals M104—Sa Sombrero

  13. Spirals M31 -- Sb Andromeda

  14. Spirals M33--Sc

  15. Spirals -- barred M58--SBb

  16. Extensions to the Hubble Sequence • De Vaucouleurs (1959) added three new classes: Sd, Sm (e.g., Large Magellanic Cloud is an SBm), Im (e.g., Small Magellanic Cloud)

  17. Extensions to the Hubble Sequence • De Vaucouleurs also introduces: • Notation SA for unbarred galaxy (to match SB for barred) • Notation SAB for intermediate, weakly barred systems • Symbols (r) and (s) to indicate systems with and without rings • In Second (and Third) Reference Catalog, also uses T-type ranging from –5 to 10: • E = -5, E/S0 = -3, S0 = -2, S0/a = 0 • Sa = 1, Sab=2, Sb=3, Sbc = 4, Scd =6 • Sdm=8, Im=10

  18. Spirals M83—SAB(s)c

  19. Spirals NGC303—SAB(r)c

  20. Extensions to the Hubble Sequence • Van den Bergh (1960) added luminosity classes based on arm quality/length (DDO System) • I – strong, well-defined arms, most luminous galaxies, MB < -21 • V – chaotic, small arms, least luminous spirals, usually Sd-Im, MB = > -17 • Luminosity class is listed in Revised Shapley Ames Catalog

  21. What is missing from the Hubble Sequence? • Dwarf galaxies • Faint, M > -18, • Dwarf Ellipticals, dwarf spheroidals, dwarf irregulars • There are probably lots of these, in the Local Group there are >30! • Low Surface brightness galaxies • Very difficult to detect! • Need dedicated surveys • Probably lots of these too! • Peculiar Galaxies • In particular, interacting galaxies • Many cataloged by Arp in 1966

  22. Dwarf Elliptical Optical Near-infrared

  23. Dwarf Spheroidal Leo I

  24. Dwarf Irregular IC 10

  25. Low Surface Brightness Galaxy Malin 1

  26. Interacting Galaxies Arp 295

  27. Interacting Galaxies The Mice NGC 4676

  28. Interacting Galaxies The Tadpole Arp 188 UGC 10214

  29. Overview of Galaxy Properties

  30. Overview of Galaxy Properties • As a fiducial, the Milky Way • Radial Scale Length of 3-4 kpc • Blue Luminosity of ~ 1.5 x 10 L • Absolute blue magnitude, -20.7 • Total Mass of ~1011 – 1012 M  • Depending on how much dark matter there is

  31. Overview of Elliptical Galaxies • About 20% of field galaxies are ellipticals • Most ellipticals are found in clusters! • There are a number of different types of ellipticals • E’s (normal ellipticals) • cD’s (massive bright ellipticals at the centers of galaxy clusters) • dE’s (dwarf ellipticals) • dSph’s (dwarf spheroidals) • Note that these do not form a continuous sequence, they are structurally, kinematically, and physically different objects.

  32. Overview of Elliptical Galaxies • Measure the size of ellipticals by its effective radius – radius which encloses half the light • For comparison the effective radius in an exponential disk is 1.7 x the scale length • Sizes range from few tenths of a kpc (dE’s) to tens of kpc (cD’s) • Absolute magnitudes range from –10 (dSph’s) to –25 (cD’s), a factor of 106 in luminosity • Masses range from 107 M to 1013 - 1014 M

  33. The Coma Cluster

  34. Center of the Coma Cluster cD – NGC 4881

  35. Overview of Spiral Galaxies • About ¾ of galaxies in the field are spirals • Most spirals are found in the field (in groups) • Spiral galaxy scale lengths run from ~1 kpc (dwarfs) to ~50 kpc • Absolute magnitudes ranging from –16 to –23, that’s a factor of ~1000 in luminosity! • Masses ranging from 109 to 1012 M

  36. Hubble Deep Field

  37. Hubble Deep Field – zoomed in

  38. Released March 9, 2004 11.3 days of observing!

  39. Spiral Galaxies at different wavelengths

  40. Spiral Galaxies at different wavelengths

  41. Overview of Irregular Galaxies • Make up a few % of the field galaxy population • Generally smaller, sizes of a few kpc • Absolute magnitudes of –13 to –20 • Masses of 108 to 1010 M

  42. Irregular Galaxies at different wavelengths Near-infrared Optical

  43. Catalogs and Atlases of Galaxies • In late 1700’s, Messier made a catalog of 109 nebulae so that comet hunters wouldn’t mistake them for comets! • ~40 of these were galaxies, e.g., M31, M51, M101. • Most are gaseous nebulae within the Milky Way, e.g., M42, the Orion Nebula • Some are stellar clusters, e.g., M45, the Pleiades

  44. Catalogs and Atlases of Galaxies • New General Catalogue (Dreyer 1888) • Based on lists of Herschel (5079 objects) • Plus some more for total of 7840 • ~50% are galaxies, catalog includes any non-stellar object • Index Catalogue (IC) – (Dreyer 1895, 1898) • Additions to the NGC, 6900 more objects • See www.ngcic.org for online info • Shapley-Ames Catalog (Harvard 1932) • Bright galaxies, mpg < 13.2 • Whole-sky coverage, fairly homogenous • 1246 galaxies, all in NGC/IC • Revised by Sandage & Tamman in 1981

  45. Catalogs and Atlases of Galaxies • Uppsala General Catalog (UGC --Nilson 1973) • Based on Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) • Size limited, a > 1 arcmin • 13000 objects • ESO (European Southern Observatory) Catalog • Similar to UGC in southern sky,  < 30 • 18000 objects • Morphological Catalog of Galaxies (MCG, Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov et al) • Based on POSS plates • 32000 objects, -2 <  <-18

  46. Catalogs and Atlases of Galaxies • Hubble Atlas (Sandage 1961) • Present plates used by Hubble in developing classification system plus explanation of system • Atlas of Galaxies Useful for measuring the Cosmological Distance Scale (Sandage & Bedke 1988) • Nearby Galaxies Atlas & Catalog (Tully 1988) • V < 3000 km/s • Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies (RC3, deVaucoleurs et al 1991) • B < 15.5, 23022 galaxies • Also, RC1 (1964, 2599 galaxies) and RC2 (1976, 4364 galaxies) • Carnegie Atlas (Sandage & Bedke 1994) – Images of galaxies in the Revised Shapley Ames Catalog

  47. Catalogs and Atlases of Galaxies • Catalogs of sources in x-ray, radio, infrared, etc. • More recent galaxy surveys – APM survey, CfA Redshift Survey, 2dF redshift survey, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) • The list is fairly endless! • The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is a good source of information on galaxies, plus has many galaxy catalogs on-line: http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/

More Related