The Industrial Revolution & Nationalism

1. The Industrial Revolution & Nationalism SS.A.3.4.8; SS.A.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.5; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.A.1.4.2

2. Socio-Economic Factors • The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain in the 1780s: • Agriculture: vast farmlands, good weather, transportation, new crops from Americas means more, cheaper food • Population booms • Britain’s wealth encourages entrepreneurs to look for new ways to make money, invest capital • Natural resources many rivers provide water power and transportation, coal and iron plentiful • Large empire provides market for British goods

3. Industrial Advances • Steam engine makes production of cotton goods more efficient • Iron production increases, improves • Iron plays big part in expansion of railroads • Factory owners want to run machines all day, so workers now must work in shifts • Industry spreads to Europe at different rates, by 1850 Belgium, France and the German states are industrial and rail is common throughout the continent

5. Industry In North America • 1800: 6 of 7 Americans are farmers • 1860: Only 50% are farmers • 9 cities have over 100,000 people • Roads, canals and railroads built to connect vast nation • Steamboats improve water transport • Now factories in Northeast can get goods across country quickly

7. Social Impacts • Cities grow very large, two new, industrial classes emerge: middle class, working class • London: over 1 million people • Cramped living conditions, squalor • Industrial Capitalism: economic system based on industrial production • Horrible working conditions for poorly paid, overworked factory workers • Family structure, gender roles change • Socialism emerges, system where “society” owns means of production

9. Congress of Vienna • European powers meet to restore peace and order after Napoleon’s defeat • Klemens von Metternich of Austria runs the meeting in city of Vienna • Rule of Legitimacy restores kings who were in power before Napoleon • Balance of political and military power is meant to guarantee the independence of Europe’s great powers

11. Political Ideology • Concert of Europe: meetings of the powers to share ideas, keep peace • Principle of Intervention: powers’ right to send armies to end revolutions, restore order • Conservatism: tradition and social stability • Political obedience and organized religion • Liberalism: based on Enlightenment, freedom from government restraint • Civil liberties and rights, constitutions • Democracy not always favored by liberals

12. Nationalism • Nation: community of people sharing common institutions, traditions, language, customs; born from French Revolution • Germans want to unite into “nation” • Hungarians want own nation, break from Austria • New countries would upset peace established by Congress of Vienna • Liberals like nationalism • France: liberals oust King Charles X (1830), replaced with Louis-Philippe (cousin) • Belgium gains ind. from Dutch Republics

13. Revolutions of 1848 • Louis-Philippe overthrown, Constituent Assembly elected—by universal male suffrage—to write new constitution • Est of Second Republic, Napoleon’s nephew elected President Louis-Napoleon • Frankfurt Assembly moves to unify Germany • Movement toward unification of Italy

14. Concert Of Europe Fails • Crimean War: Russia vs. Ottoman Empire • 1853: Russia invades Ottoman Balkans, Britain and France declare war on Russia • 1856: Treaty of Paris, Russia breaks truce with Austria, ending Concert of Europe • Austrians left without friends among Europe’s great powers • Austrian Italy and Germany now free to unify with the support of the powers

15. Italian Unification • Northern Italian state of Piedmont takes lead in attempted unification after 1848 • King Victor Emmanuel II crowned 1849 • Allies with France, provokes Austria • After fight: France gets Nice & Savoy, Austria only keeps Venetia, other Italian states join Kingdom of Piedmont • Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his Red Shirts, conquer kingdom of Sicily, cedes control to Piedmont—Kingdom of Italy is est 1861 • Rome is named the capital of Italy 1870

17. German Unification • Otto von Bismarck named prime minister of Prussia by King William I • Realpolitik: politics based on reality • Never approved by parliament, war hawk • Defeats: Denmark (1864) Austria (1866) • German confederation split between Protestant north and Catholic south • France nervous, Franco-Prussian War • Napoleon III captured, France gives up Alsace & Lorraine, burning for revenge • 1871: Germany unites as one, Prussia’s King William I named kaiser of Second German Empire

19. European Nationalism • British parliament expands suffrage • Queen Victoria ushers age of prosperity • 1852: Louis-Napoleon named emperor • Economy greatly expanded • Hungary gains influence, empire grows and renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire • Russians realize need for change after loss in Crimean War, Czar Alexander II reforms • Emancipation of the serfs, land reforms • Alexander II assassinated, Alexander III anti-ref

21. American Nationalism • War of 1812 ushers good national feelings • Federal strength vs. States’ power • Suffrage expanded to almost all white men • Abolition of slavery causes disagreements • Southern states secede from the Union • 1860s: Civil War between north/south • North (Union) wins, southern states rejoin • Results in stronger federal government, and freeing of slaves • “one nation, indivisible”

23. Emergence of Canada • Upper Canada (Ontario): English speaking • Lower Canada (Quebec): French speaking • 1837: Rebellions rise against British • 1840: British parliament joins two Canadas • 1867: British North America Act, creates a Canadian nation, with constitution • Foreign affairs still handled by British

24. Work On It: • On page 588, write and answer 1, 4, 5, 6 & 7