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Scales, Instruments & Techniques

Scales, Instruments & Techniques. Type of Data Primary Data Secondary Data. Primary Data (different methods) Observation Method Personal Interview Telephone Interview. Other Primary Data Collection Techniques Focus Group Participatory Rural Appraisal Social Auditing. Some traditional tools

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Scales, Instruments & Techniques

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  1. Scales, Instruments & Techniques

  2. Type of DataPrimary DataSecondary Data

  3. Primary Data(different methods)Observation MethodPersonal InterviewTelephone Interview

  4. Other Primary Data Collection TechniquesFocus GroupParticipatory Rural AppraisalSocial Auditing

  5. Some traditional tools Thurstone – Continuum scale (Normal distribution)  (comparative judgment, better than…, 80%) Likert - Summated ratings (strongly agree, ……., strongly disagree) Guttman – Cumulative scaling (Guttman Scaling) Osgood - Semantic Differential Technique – Graphical representation

  6. SCALES(order, distance, & origin)Nominal ScaleOrdinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio

  7. Issues of Measuring variables/questionsValidityConvergent, Discriminant, NomologicalReliabilityitem-to-total correlation > 0.5, inter-item correlation > 0.3Cronbach’s alpha >= 0.7Exploratory research >= 0.6

  8. Questionnaire DesignIdentification of research issueFormulation of questionsFormatOpen-ended questionClose-ended question

  9. Deciding on question wordingAppropriate sequencing of questionsPre-testing of QuestionnairesReview of Questionnaire for improvementSample Questionnaire

  10. Deciding Question Wording Vocabulary - simple, direct and familiar to all respondents Words - not have vague or ambiguous meaning Each question - single part Question – avoid biases Questions – avoid interrelated items Instructions - clear Questions - applicable to all the respondents

  11. Appropriate Sequence of Questions First few questions - personal details Introductory questions - establish a rapport Simple and direct questions - to build an opinion Focused questions - relating to objectives and issues of research Main body - questions to obtain needed information

  12. Selection of Telephone NumbersTelephone directory referenceRandom digit dialingSystematic random digit dialingPlus-one dialingCall outcomes / timing / reportMail Survey

  13. Sample size

  14. QuestionnaireExercise

  15. Advanced Tools Bivariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis SPSS / MINITAB Structural Equation Modeling AMOS Neural Networking (MATLAB) ORIGIN  Fuzzy Logic programming

  16. Questionairre Development

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