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Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves: What is New?

43 rd PHA Annual Convention. Bringing Global Trends in Cardiology Closer to Home. Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves: What is New?. Edwin S. Tucay, MD, FPCP, FPCC, MBAH May 23, 2012 (Wednesday), 4:30-5:00 PM Crowne Plaza Galleria Manila.

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Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves: What is New?

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  1. 43rd PHA Annual Convention Bringing Global Trends in Cardiology Closer to Home Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves: What is New? Edwin S. Tucay, MD, FPCP, FPCC, MBAH May 23, 2012 (Wednesday), 4:30-5:00 PM Crowne Plaza Galleria Manila

  2. Available Published Guidelines/Recommendations Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography September 2009

  3. Outline • A. Types of Prosthetic Valves • B. Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler:General Recommendations • 1. Clinical Data • 2. Echocardiographic Imaging • 3. Doppler Echocardiography • a. Determination of Gradients Across Prosthetic Valves • b. EOA • c. Pressure Recovery: Hemodynamic Conditions and Clinical Implications • d. PPM • e. Doppler Recordings and Measurements Based on Prosthetic Valve Position • f. Physiologic Regurgitation • g. Pathologic Prosthetic Regurgitation

  4. Outline • C. Considerations for Intraoperative Patients • D. Complications of Prosthetic Valves • E. The role of stress echocardiography in evaluating prosthetic valve function • F. Postoperative Evaluation and Follow-Up Studies

  5. Types of Prosthetic Heart Valves • Mechanical • Bileaflet (St Jude)(A) • Single tilting disc (Medtronic Hall)(B) • Caged-ball (Starr-Edwards) (C) • Biologic • Stented • Porcine xenograft (Medtronic Mosaic) (D) • Pericardial xenograft (Carpentier-Edwards Magna) (E) • Stentless • Porcine xenograft (Medronic Freestyle) (F) • Pericardial xenograft • Homograft ( allograft) • Percutaneous • Expanded over a balloon (Edwards Sapien) (G) • Self –expandable (CoreValve) (H) Circulation 2009, 119:1034-1048

  6. Essential Parameters in the ComprehensiveEvaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound, JASE 2009 Volume 22 Number 9

  7. Imaging of the Prosthetic Valves

  8. Imaging of the Prosthetic Valves

  9. Essential Parameters in the ComprehensiveEvaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound, JASE 2009 Volume 22 Number 9

  10. Essential Parameters in the ComprehensiveEvaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound, JASE 2009 Volume 22 Number 9

  11. Doppler Echocardiography: A- Determination of Gradients Across the Prosthetic Valves • Pulse wave, continuous wave and color Doppler • Multiple views and angulations • Blood velocity across a prosthetic valve is dependent on several factors, including flow and valve size and type. Simplified Bernoulli equation noninvasive calculation of pressure gradients across prosthetic valves P= 4V2 P=pressure gradient V = the velocity of the jet in meters per second. In aortic prostheses with high cardiac output or narrow LV outflow : velocity proximal to the prosthesis may be elevated and therefore not negligible (velocity > 1.5 m/s). In these situations, estimation of the pressure gradient is more accurately determined by considering the velocity proximal to the prosthesis as P = 4(V22 - V12)

  12. Doppler Echocardiography:b- Effective Orifice Area (EOA) The EOA of a prosthesis by the continuity equation is a better index of valve function than gradient alone. EOA = stroke volume / VTIPrV VTIPrV is the velocity-time integral through the prosthesis determinedby CW Doppler. Stroke volume = cross-sectional area just proximal to the prosthesis (in aortic or pulmonary valves) multiplied by the VTI of flow by PW Doppler at that site. • Don’t use the label size of the prosthetic valve to calculate the cross-sectional area of the annulus • In prosthetic mitral valves, stroke volume calculated at the aortic annulus or pulmonary annulus may be used, provided no significant regurgitation exists. • Doppler velocity index (DVI)= • the ratio of velocity proximal to the valve, to the velocity through the valve. • No LVOT measurement • Validated in aortic but not in pulmonary prosthetic valve

  13. Doppler Echocardiography:e-Patient Prosthesis Mismatch Physiologic relationship between flow, valve area, and gradient is illustrated by the equation: Gradient = Q2/(K x EOA2) where EOA is effecive orifice area, Q is flow and K is a constant • For gradients to remain low, the EOA must be proportionate to the flow requirements of the individual, which at rest are largely determined by body size. • PPM occurs when the EOA of the prosthesis is too small in relation to the patient’s body size, resulting in abnormally high postoperative gradients. • Parameter for PPM: Indexed EOA = EOA/BSA, where BSA is body surface area Dumesnil JG, y. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:637-43. Dumesnil JG.Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1443-8. Dumesnil JG,. J AmColl Cardiol 2000;36:1131-41

  14. PPM-AORTIC VALVE Principles underlying PPM theoretically apply to all valve positions Most studies have focused on the aortic valve Gradients increase exponentially when the indexed EOA is ≤0.8 to 0.9 cm2/m2 Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Hemodynamic and clinical impact of prosthesispatient mismatch in the aortic valve position and its prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 000;36:1131-41.

  15. PPM-AORTIC VALVE • Indexed EOA, not the size or geometric specifications of the prosthesis, is the only parameter to be consistently related to postoperative gradients and/or adverse clinical outcomes. Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM, Jamieson WR, et al. Prosthesis size and long-term survival after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:783-96. Koch CG, Khandwala F, Estafanous FG, Loop FD, Blackstone EH. Impact of prosthesis-patient size on functional recovery after aortic valve replacement. Circulation 2005;111:3221-9. Dumesnil JG, Pibarot P. Prosthesis-patient mismatch and clinical outcomes: the evidence continues to accumulate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:952-5. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthesis-patient mismatch: definition, clinical impact, and prevention. Heart 2006;92:1022-9.

  16. PPM-AORTIC VALVE Minimum EOA of the valve to be used is calculated as BSA(m2) x 0.85 cm2/m2 • PPM can largely be avoided by the calculation of the projected indexed EOA of the prosthesis to be Implanted. • If PPM is anticipated, choosing an alternative prosthesis or considering aortic root enlargement surgery is advised. 1.6 m2 x 0.85 cm2/m2 = 1.36 cm2 Choose a valve size that is Expected to have a minimum EOA of 1.36 cm2

  17. 1.6 m2 x 0.85 cm2/m2 = 1.36 cm2

  18. PPM- MITRAL VALVE • Indexed EOA of mitral prostheses should ideally be no less than 1.2 to 1.3 cm2/m2 to avoid abnormally high postoperative gradients. • Prevalence for mitral PPM varies between 39% and 71% • Associated with persisting pulmonary hypertension and decreased long-term survival. Dumesnil JG, Honos GN, Lemieux M, Beauchemin J. Validation and applications of mitral prosthetic valvular areas calculated by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1443-8. Lam BK, Chan V, Hendry P, et al. The impact of patient-prosthesis mismatch on late outcomes after mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:1464-73. Li M, Dumesnil JG, Mathieu P, Pibarot P. Impact of valve prosthesis patient mismatch on pulmonary arterial pressure after mitral valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1034-40. Magne J, Mathieu P, Dumesnil JG, et al. Impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch on survival after mitral valve replacement. Circulation 2007;115: 1417-25

  19. Doppler Echocardiography:e- Doppler Recordings and Measurements Based on Prosthetic Valve Position

  20. Doppler Echocardiography:Physiologic Regurgitation • 30% of normally functioning prosthesis • Features: • Regurgitant area less than 2 cm2 and jet length less than 2.5cm in mitral position • Regurgitant jet area less than 1 cm2 and jet length less than 1.5 cm for aortic position • Characteristic flow pattern ( one central jet for Medtronic Hall, two curved side jets for Starr-Edwards, two unequal side jets for Bjork-Shiley, and two side and one central jet for St Jude Medical) Mohr-Kahaly S, Kupferwasser I, Erbel R, et al. JASE, 1990;3:187-195

  21. Doppler Echocardiography:Severe Aortic Prosthetic Regurgitation • Parameters: • PHT of regurgitant jet >250 msec • Restrictive mitral inflow pattern (in acute aortic regurgitation) • Holodiastolic reversal in the descending thoracic aorta • Regurgitant fraction >55%

  22. Doppler Echocardiography:Severe Mitral Prosthetic Regurgitation • Parameters: • Increased mitral inflow peak velocity (>2.5 m/sec) and normal mitral inflow PHT (<150 msec) • Dense mitral regurgitant continuous wave Doppler signals • Regurgitant fraction, >55% • Effective regurgitant orifice, >0.35 cm2 • Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary vein

  23. Diagnosis of Prosthetic Aortic Valve Stenosis

  24. Algorithm for evaluation of elevated peak prosthetic aortic jet velocity Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound, JASE 2009 Volume 22 Number 9

  25. Prosthetic Aortic Valve Normal Obstructed Pulse Doppler LVOT Triangular shape AT <80ms AT/ET <0.4 DVI >0.29 Peak Velocity <3m/s Rounded shape AT >100 AT/ET>0.4 Dvi<0.25 Peak velocity >4 m/s Continuous Doppler Prosthetic Valve

  26. Doppler parameters of prosthetic mitral valve function/stenosis

  27. Doppler Patterns in Normal and Obstructed Prosthetic Mitral Valve 200 ms

  28. c. INTRAOPERATIVE TEE • The American Society of Anesthesiologists has recommended intraoperative TEE as a category II indication in patients undergoing valve surgery.* • Current American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association practice guidelines recommend TEE as a class 1 indication for patients undergoing valve replacement with stentlessxenograft, homograft, or autograft valves.** *ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease .Circulation 2006;114:e84-231 **Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society ofCardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1996;84:986-1006.

  29. Intraoperative Environment Affect Prosthetic Valve Evaluation • The period prior to cardiopulmonary bypass is usually associated with reduced preload and myocardial depression that accompanies the anesthetized state.* • Moreover, an open chest, open pericardial cavity, and positive pressure ventilation also influence loading conditions.** • The postbypass phase, on the other hand, is a labile period during which there are frequent changes in preload and afterload, inotropic and chronotropic drugs may be in effect, and the heart is frequently electrically paced.*** * Grewal KS, MalkowskiMJ, Piracha AR, et al. Effect of general anesthesia on the severity of mitral regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:199-203. ** Kubitz JC, Annecke T, Kemming GI, et al. The influence of positive endexpiratory pressure on stroke volume variation and central blood volume during open and closed chest conditions. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 30:90-5. ***McKinlay KH, Schinderle DB, Swaminathan M, et al. Predictors of inotrope use during separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004;18:404-8.

  30. Prosthetic Valve Assessment Intraoperatively in 3 situations: • after the replacement of a diseased native valve • in unrelated cardiac surgery as a part of comprehensive TEE • prior to redo valve surgery in dysfunctional prosthetic valves.

  31. Immediate Surgical Attention • Risk of geometric mismatch • Moderate to severe valvar regurgitation • Paravalvar leak- significant • ‘‘stuck’’ mechanical valve leaflets • valve dehiscence • Dysfunction of adjacent valves

  32. Abnormally high pressure gradient across newly seated aortic prosthetic valve • Physiologic factors: high postbypass cardiac output, hemodilution,highsubvalvular velocities, and PPM. • Mechanical causes of valve obstruction, such as stuck valve leaflets or occlusive thrombus. • If echocardiographic assessment demonstrates no apparent mechanical cause, the surgery may proceed as planned and the valve may be interrogated postoperatively. • Inappropriately high gradients may also be assessed by alternate imaging modalities, such as epicardial or epiaortic ultrasound.

  33. D- EARLY AND LATE COMPLICATIONS OF PROSTHETIC VALVES • PPM • Dehiscence • Primary failure • Thrombosis and thromboembolism • Pannus formation • Endocarditis • Hemolysis

  34. Significant Paravalvar AR due to dehiscence

  35. SevereParavalvar MR due to dehiscence

  36. Pannus Formation echodense Pannus formation on aSt JudeMedical valve prosthesis in the aortic position as depicted byTEE. The mass is highly echogenic and corresponds to the pathology of the pannus at surgery. The pannus is depicted by the arrows. LA, Left atrium; LV, left ventricle.

  37. Thrombosis in the Mitral Position Prosthetic St Jude Medical valve thrombosis in the mitral position (arrow) obstructing and immobilizing one of the leaflets of the valve. After thrombolysis, leaflet mobility is restored, and the mean gradient (Gr) is significantly decreased. LA, Left atrium.

  38. STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN EVALUATING AORTIC PROSTHETIC VALVE FUNCTION • patients with exertional symptoms for which the diagnosis is not clear. • aim to test for valve dysfunction, coexistent coronary disease, and new or worsening MR. • Dobutamine and supine bicycle exercise are most commonly used. Treadmill exercise provides additional information about exercise capacity.

  39. STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN EVALUATING AORTIC PROSTHETIC VALVE FUNCTION • Guide to significant obstruction of stented or stentless bioprosthetic aortic valve would be similar to that for native valves = a rise in mean gradient >15mmHg with stress. • A combination of exact reproduction of symptoms with no wall motion abnormality and a large rise in pressure difference is highly suggestive of abnormal valve dynamics. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG, Jobin J, ET AL. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1609-17.

  40. STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN EVALUATING MITRAL PROSTHETIC VALVE FUNCTION • Exertionaldyspnea after mitral valve replacement may be caused by • primary valve failure, LV and/or right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, or other noncardiac causes. • Stress echocardiography considered if the diagnosis is not clear. • The aims are to record changes in transmitral velocities and the tricuspid regurgitant signal. • Obstruction or PPM is likely if the mean gradient rises above 18 mm Hg after exercise, even when the resting mean gradient is normal. Reis G, Motta MS, Barbosa MM,. JAm Coll Cardiol 2004;43:393-401.

  41. POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND FOLLOW UP STUDIES • Baseline transthoracic echocardiogram: • first visit, 2 to 4 weeks after hospital discharge, when the chest wound has healed, ventricular function has improved, and anemia with its attendant hyperdynamic state has abated. • Before hospital discharge if the patient is being transferred and may not return • Echocardiography on annual clinical visit after valve replacement, earlier if there is a change in clinical status. Zoghbi et al. Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound. JASE, September 2009

  42. POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND FOLLOW UP STUDIES • Routine echocardiography after a first postoperative study is not indicated in normally functioning prosthetic valve in the absence of • other indications for echocardiography (eg, follow-up of LV dysfunction) • clinical symptoms suggestive of valvular dysfunction • other cardiac pathology • Annual echocardiography after the first 5 years: • for patients with bioprosthetic valves (not for mechanical prosthetic valve) in the absence of a change in clinical status Zoghbi et al. Recommendations for Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound. JASE, September 2009

  43. Outline • A. Types of Prosthetic Valves • B. Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves With Echocardiography and Doppler:General Recommendations • 1. Clinical Data • 2. Echocardiographic Imaging • 3. Doppler Echocardiography • a. Determination of Gradients Across Prosthetic Valves • b. EOA • d. PPM • e. Doppler Recordings and Measurements Based on Prosthetic Valve Position • f. Physiologic Regurgitation • g. Pathologic Prosthetic Regurgitation

  44. Outline • C. Considerations for Intraoperative Patients • D. Complications of Prosthetic Valves • E. The role of stress echocardiography in evaluating prosthetic valve function • F. Postoperative Evaluation and Follow-Up Studies

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