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Chapter 9 (9.1-9.4)

Chapter 9 (9.1-9.4). Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. 1. Observing and Predicting Reactions. How do we know whether a reaction occurs? What observations indicate a reaction has occurred? In your groups, make a list of changes that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred. 2.

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Chapter 9 (9.1-9.4)

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  1. Chapter 9 (9.1-9.4) Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 1

  2. Observing and Predicting Reactions • How do we know whether a reaction occurs? What observations indicate a reaction has occurred? • In your groups, make a list of changes that indicate a chemicalreaction has occurred. 2

  3. Precipitate Formation Cr3+ + 3OH-  Cr(OH)3 Ag+ + Cl- AgCl Pb2+ + CrO42-  PbCrO4 3 return

  4. Cesium in a bathtub Temperature Change Brainiac Thermite movie Ba(OH)2.8H2O + NH4Cl Thermite: Al + Fe2O3 4 return

  5. Smoke 2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3 P4 + 5O2P4O10 2Na + Cl22NaCl 5 return

  6. Solid Decomposition • (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) Cr2O3(s) + 4H2O(g) + N2(g) • CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O(g) • 2NI3 N2 + 3I2 Heat CuSO4 NI3 6 return

  7. Gas Bubbles Cu + 2H+ Cu2+ + H2(g) Na + 2H2O  NaOH + H2(g) Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2 7 return

  8. Crystal Formation/Solid Deposition Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag Zn + Sn2+ Zn2+ + Sn 8 return

  9. Explosion Cesium in a bathtub Exploding Whale Building Demolition 9 return

  10. Properties of Aqueous Solutions • Substances behave differently when they are placed in water, specifically ionic versus co- valent compounds. • One breaks apart in water, the other does not. • Which one is more likely to be pulled apart by water molecules? • Electrolytes are ionic and strong acid solutions (e.g., GatoradeTM); Nonelectrolytes are covalent compounds (e.g., sugar); weak electrolytes are in between.

  11. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions Strong/Weak Electrolytes

  12. Electrolytic Properties • Strong electrolyte: substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity (NaCl) • Weak electrolyte: substance that is a poor conductor of electricity when dissolved in water (CH3COOH – vinegar) • Nonelectrolyte: substance that doesn’t conduct electricity when dissolved in water (CH3OH – methanol)

  13. Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions Strong/Weak Electrolytes

  14. Electrolytes • 3 substances: A2X, A2Y, and A2Z. Which one is the strongest electrolyte? The weakest? (Water has been omitted for clarity.)

  15. Properties of Aqueous Solutions • Most reactions in general chemistry take place in an aqueous environment. What does that mean? • Terms: • Solution: homogeneous mixture of two or more substances • Solute: substance present in smaller amount • Solvent: substance present in greater amount • Aqueous solution: solvent is water

  16. Ways Reactions Occur • Three general categories: • Precipitation: insoluble (solid) product is formed from aqueous solutions • Acid-base neutralization: acid and base react to form water and a salt (ionic compound) • Oxidation-Reduction: electrons are transferred between atoms in reaction • Combination • Decomposition • Single-replacement (metal or hydrogen)

  17. Products of Precipitation Reactions • Precipitation reactions always begin with two ionic compounds. • Example: NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq)  ? • Draw these compounds in two separate aqueous environments. What are the possible products when they are combined?

  18. NO3- NO3- NO3- Cl- Cl- Cl- Predict Products and Types of Reactions +  Na+ Na+ Ag+ Ag+ Write formulas of products (based on charges), predict phases (Solubility Rules), and balance the equation. Na+ Ag+

  19. Solubility Rules 19 If not covered by the rules, it is probably insoluble.

  20. Solubility Rules • Determine if the following ionic compounds will be soluble (aq) or insoluble (s) in water: • K2CO3 • BaSO4 • PbI2 • NaClO4 • Ag2S • (NH4)3PO4 • Cu(OH)2

  21. Solubility Rules Answers • Determine if the following ionic compounds will be soluble (aq) or insoluble (s) in water: • K2CO3 soluble (aq) • BaSO4 insoluble (s) • PbI2 insoluble (s) • NaClO4 soluble (aq) • Ag2S insoluble (s) • (NH4)3PO4 soluble (aq) • Cu(OH)2 insoluble (s)

  22. Molecular, Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations • There are 3 ways to represent ppt reactions: • As whole compounds (molecular equation) • As ionic species (ionic equation) – more accurate • As participants in reaction (net ionic equation) • Any aqueous ionic substance is written as a compound (e.g., AgNO3), but this isn’t accurate. What does this look like in water? • Solids, liquids, and gases remain as compounds. 22

  23. Formation of Silver Chloride • Molecular equation: • NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) • Ionic equation (write separate ions for soluble (aq) compounds): • Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) +NO3-(aq) AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq) • Net ionic equation (cancel any identical ion on both sides of the equation, called spectator ions): Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) • Note: s, l, and g stay together!!!!! Ag+/Cl- ions

  24. Chemistry humor, ha ha!

  25. Precipitation Reactions • Reaction of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide. What is the precipitate? • Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations.

  26. Acid-Base Reactions • Acid: substance that breaks apart in water to form H+(e.g., HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH, lemon, lime, vitamin C). • HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq) • Base: substance that breaks apart in water to form OH- (e.g., NH3, DranoTM, Milk of MagnesiaTM) • MOH(aq) M+(aq) + OH-(aq) acid base strong acid weak acid 26

  27. Common Acids and Bases • You need to KNOW these!!! • Strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HNO3 • Strong bases: LiOH, KOH, NaOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 27

  28. Na+ H+ Na+ Cl- Cl- OH- OH- H+ Acid-Base Neutralization • What does “neutralization” mean? • How might these two solutions react when combined? +

  29. Acid-Base Neutralization • Neutralization reaction: reaction between acid and base; products are salt (ionic compound) and water • HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) • Acid + base  salt + water • What are the ionic and net ionic equations for these reactions? • HF(aq) + NaOH(aq) • KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) 

  30. Acid-Base Reaction HCl Mg(OH)2 Acid + Base → H2O + Salt Water is created from H+ and OH- 2HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)→ 2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq) The salt is created from spectator ions

  31. Complete/Balance These Equations • Complete and balance these equations. Write ionic and net ionic equations, if applicable. • Na2S(aq) + CuCl2(aq) • MgSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  • KNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)  • CuSO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  • HF(aq) + NaOH(aq) • KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 31

  32. Solubility Rules 32 If not covered by the rules, it is probably insoluble.

  33. Complete/Balance These Equations • Na2S(aq) + CuCl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + CuS(s) • Cu2+(aq) + S2-(aq)  CuS(s) • MgSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s) • Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  BaSO4(s) • 2 KNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)  2 KCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) • No reaction • CuSO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) • Cu2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) • HF(aq) + NaOH(aq)H2O (l) + NaF (aq) • H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l) • 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2H2O (l) + K2SO4 (aq) • H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l) 33

  34. Group Quiz #19 • Determine the products of the reaction. Identify the phase of each compound, and balance the equation. Also write the ionic and net ionic equations. • Molecular: Na2S + Cr(NO3)3 • Complete Ionic: • Net Ionic:

  35. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions: electron-transfer reactions • When iron rusts, it loses electrons to form a cation, oxygen gain electrons to form an anion: 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) • Use oxidation number rules to determine gain and loss of electrons. • Oxidation numbers are assigned as if elements in compounds completely transferred electrons (like in ionic compounds).

  36. Assigning Oxidation Numbers • 1) An atom (or molecule) in its elemental state has an oxidation number of 0. • 2) An atom in a monatomic ion (Na+, Cl-) has an oxidation number identical to its charge. • 3a) Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1, unless it is combined with a metal, in which case it has an oxidation number of –1. • 3b) Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2. Oxygen in peroxides (O22-) has an oxidation number of -1. 36

  37. Rules continued • 3c) Halogens usually have an oxidation number of -1 (except when bonded to oxygen or in polyatomic ions). • 4) The sum of oxidation numbers is 0 for a neutral compound and is equal to the net charge for a polyatomic ion. (Example: NaCl = 0, SO42- = -2) • 4a) For binary ionic compounds, the position of the element in the periodic table may be useful: • Group IA: +1; Group IIA: +2; Group VIIA: –1; Group VIA: –2; Group VA: –3 37

  38. Example • H2SO4 • H = +1; O = –2 • S is unknown, so leave this for last. • The overall charge on this compound is 0. • Use algebra to solve for S: • 2(+1) + 1(x) + 4(-2) = 0 • Solve for each element: MgCr2O7 38

  39. Assigning Oxidation Numbers • Determine values of the oxidation number of each element in these compounds or ions: H2O SO2 CCl4 H2O2 Fe3(PO4)2 MnO4- NaNO3 KClO4 39

  40. Assigning Oxidation Numbers • Determine values of the oxidation number of each element in these compounds or ions: H2O H: +1, O: -2 SO2S: +4, O: -2 CCl4C: +4, Cl: -1 H2O2H: +1, O: -1 Fe3(PO4)2Fe: +2, P: +5, O: -2 MnO4-Mn: +7, O: -2 NaNO3Na:+1, N:+5, O: -2 KClO4K: +1, Cl: +7, O: -2 40

  41. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Oxidized: atom, molecule, or ion becomes more positively charged • Loss of electrons is oxidation (LEO) • Reduced: atom, molecule, or ion becomes less positively charged (reduced charge) • Gain of electrons is reduction (GER) • Or: OIL RIG (oxidation is loss; reduction is gain) Redox 1 Redox 2

  42. Assigning Oxidation Numbers

  43. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • The substance oxidized causes the other substance to be reduced and is called the reducing agent. • The substance reduced causes the other substance to be oxidized and is called the oxidizing agent. • 4 Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

  44. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Identify the element or ion oxidized/reduced. Also identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. • Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Reduced Oxidized

  45. Group Quiz #20 • Identify the oxidation number of each element in the compounds or ions below: • Ba(ClO3)2 • SO32- • For the reaction below, identify what has been oxidized and reduced; identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. • Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

  46. Redox Reactions • Combination (1 product) • Na(s) + Cl2(g) • Decomposition (1 reactant) – usually give off gases • CuCO3(s) • Single Replacement (or Displacement) (start and end with an element and a compound) • Zn(s) + HCl(aq) 46

  47. Metals versus Nonmetals • Metals tend to react with water to form bases: • 2Na (s) + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2 • MgO (s) + H2O  Mg(OH)2 • Nonmetals tend to react with water to form acids: • 2F2 (g) + 2H2O  4HF + O2 • CO2 (g) + H2O  H2CO3 Alkali metals + water

  48. CO2 (s) + H2O (l)  H2CO3 (aq)

  49. Combination Reactions • element + element  compound • H2(g) + O2(g) • metal + nonmetal  ionic compound • Na(s) + Cl2(g) • nonmetal + nonmetal  covalent compound • C(s) + O2(g) • Why are these redox reactions? 49

  50. Combination Reactions • Mg + O2 K + Cl2

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