Civil Rights during WWII

1. Civil Rights during WWII Objective: Analyze the civil rights violations during WWII Std. 11.7.5

2. Japanese

3. Japanese Americans • Pearl Harbor • How does this effect Americans • Easy to separate Japanese from Americans • Ex Order 9066 • FDR authorized • Place Japanese away from West Coast • Forced removal from their own land

12. Korematsu vs US • Japanese Am - Fred Korematsu (Nisei) sued American gov on Constitutionality of Order 9066 • Based on 5th Amend • abuse of gov authority, “due process” • Ruled ok because protected against espionage • More important than individual rights • Over turned in 1983

13. German/Italian Americans

14. German & Italian Aliens • Some were required to report to internment camps like the Japanese • Others required to register with post office as “enemy aliens” • Under Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 then Sedition Acts of 1918 • natives, citizens, denizens or subjects… of any foreign nation or government with which the United States is at war ...are liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured and removed as alien enemies.. • Usually place in the middle of the country

15. Jews

16. Final Solution • Genocide of All European Jews • All undesirables – Jews, Mentally/Physically Handicapped, Gypsies, Homosexuals • Placed Jews in Extermination camps • None of which were in Germany

18. Women

19. Women in Military • Once again took jobs while men were fighting in the war. • Helped to continue the push for equality

20. Women - The Rise of Rosie A. The Hidden Army • Up to and especially in the Great Depression: unacceptable white, married women work outside the home: taking men’s jobs • WWII: 50% more women (7 million) working • SF: 2x Detroit: 5x • # of wives working doubled

21. Attitudes changed: patriotic duty: the “Hidden Army” on the “Homefront” (actively fighting war) • Canduty: women pressured to work

22. Black women benefited most from changing jobs • $3/week  $48/week • New jobs gave: money, sense of pride and accomplishment, community • Gender consciousness

23. Women • What did women want? 4/5 wanted to keep working after the war • Vets had preference: women pushed out of work after the war • Lost factory jobs, most kept some kind of employment (necessity) • Women employed outside the home • 1940: 27% 1950: 32%

24. Women - Problems • However: many attitudes remained unchanged • Discrimination • Pay disparity • Culture (2nd Shift) • Post-war propaganda pressured women back into the home delay Women’s Movement • Vs. Civil Rights Movement • Only 10% working women in defense industry • 55% housewives

25. African Americans

26. Af-Am political Demands • WWI & WWII was the first step towards civil rights that took place in the 60s • Saw what it was like to have equality in Europe

27. I. Blacks and the Sources of the Civil Rights Movement A. Breaking the Color Barrier • Pre-war defense industry: blacks only as janitors • A. Philip Randolph (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters): demand FDR end discrimination • Threatened massive March On Washington June 1941 EO 8802 • Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) • Black Democratic voters • Eleanor’s criticism • 700,000 blacks hired in defense industries • 200,000 in Federal Government

28. B. Moving On Up • High paying, unionized jobs • # of blacks in unions doubled • Lured blacks from rural South to North and West: 2nd Great Migration • Roughly 1 million (2x as many) and West (CA black pop. 2x)

29. Effects: • Economic advancement • Urbanization • Control over own lives • Didn’t have to be Jim Crow South • Right + ability to vote • Army moved slowly toward desegregation “Double V,” Tuskegee Airmen •  Rise in expectations

30. C. Discrediting Racism • American attack Nazis + Imperial Japan’s counter-propaganda US racism broadcasted to the world pressure reform • Sim. USSR propaganda 1950s+60s • Blacks get outside Jim Crow • Whites see evils of racism (both of enemy and among selves)