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Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal: status of the project

Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal: status of the project. QUARKS-2010, Kolomna, 6-12 June, 2010. Zh.-A. Dzhilkibaev (INR, Moscow) for the Baikal Collaboration. Collaboration. Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia. Irkutsk State University, Russia.

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Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal: status of the project

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  1. Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal: status of the project QUARKS-2010, Kolomna, 6-12 June, 2010 Zh.-A. Dzhilkibaev (INR, Moscow) for the Baikal Collaboration

  2. Collaboration Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia. Irkutsk State University, Russia. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics MSU, Moscow, Russia. DESY-Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Russia. St.Petersburg State Marine University, Russia. Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.

  3. Detection Principle – M. Markov 1960 Telescope (E,W) Target input muon (nm) muon cascade n water, ice output Physics (sE,sW) cascade (ne,nm,nt) muons (long tracks) -sW ~ 0.3o – 1o, sE ~ 0.3logE cascades – sW > 30o (ice); sW ~ 3o – 6o (water) ! sE,sW Cherenkov radiation cascades muon energy, direction resolution Ls < 3 m Absorption 42o Scattering Ls ~ 30-50 m

  4. ANTARES NT200+/Baikal-GVD (~2017) KM3NeT (~2017) A N N Amanda/IceCube (~2011) 73 Strings in operation

  5. Precursors of km3-scale neutrino telescopes: NT200 AMANDA ANTARES (Baikal) (South Pole) (Mediterranean Sea) Results: Astrophysics HE-neutrinos WIMPs in the Sun & the Earth Neutrinos from GRB Atm. neutrino flux Magnetic monopoles etc. Obtained resultsprove the detection principle and motivate the requirements of km3-scale facilities Limits on all flavor HE neutrino flux MACRO IceCube (South Pole) GVD (Lake Baikal) KM3NeT (Mediterranean Sea)

  6. 2006-2007: 13 Strings 2007-2008: 18 Strings 2004-2005 : 1 String 2008-2009: 18+1 Strings 2005-2006: 8 Strings 1450 m 2450 m IceCube (South Pole) 4800 Optical Modules 80 Strings 1500-2500 m depth ~1 km3 instrumented volume Ice-Top – shower detection Deep Core – low-energy neutrinos 6 additional strings with dense OM spacing 2009-2010 yr. 73 + 6(Deep Core) – installed IceCube will be completed in 2011/2012

  7. Buoy OM OM OM KM3NeT (Mediterranean Sea – TDR 2010) Research Infrastructure Optical Module ? • 8-inch PMT 31 3-inch PMTs OM OM SITE ? Detection Unit (DU) ? Slender String 300 DU Flexible tower 127 DU

  8. Mar 2012 2015 2011 2013 2017 TDR: Construction Data taking Design decision Next Steps and Timeline • Next steps: Prototyping and design decisions • organised in Preparatory Phase framework • final decisions require site selection • expected to be achieved in ~18 months • Timeline: CDR:

  9. Location of the BAIKAL neutrino telescope ShoreStation 4км from the shore 1366 м depth

  10. Site properties • Location: - Northern hemisphere – GC (~18h/day) and Galactic Plane survey - Flat 1350 m depth Lake bed (>3 km from the shore) – allows ~ 30 km3 Instr. Volume! • Strong ice cover during ~2 months: - Telescope installation, maintenance, upgrade and rearrangement - Installation & test of a new equipment - All connections are done on dry - Fast shore cable installation (3-4 days) • Water optical properties: - Absorption length – 22-24 m - Scattering length – 30-50 m - Moderately low background in fresh water Water propertiesallow detection of all flavor neutrinos with high direction-energy resolution! cable Shore cable deployment tractor with ice cutter ice slot cable layer

  11. Baikal - Milestones Since 1980 Site tests and early R&D started 1990Technical Design Report NT200 1993 NT36 started: - the first underwater array - the first neutrino events. 1998 NT200 commissioned: start full physics program. 2005NT200+ commissioned (NT200 & 3 outer strings). 2006 Start R&D toward the Gigaton Volume Detector (GVD) 2008 In-situ test of GVD electronics: 6 new technology optical modules 2009-10 Prototype strings for GVD 2010-11GVD cluster (3 strings), Technical Design Report

  12. Status of NT200+ NT200+ is operating now in Lake Baikal (~10 months/yr. persistent data taking) Quasar photodetector (=37cm) LAKE BAIKAL NT200: 8 strings (192 optical modules ) Height x  = 70m x 40m, Vinst=105m3 Effective area: 1 TeV~2000m² Eff. shower volume: 10 TeV~ 0.2 Mton ~ 3.6 km to shore, 1070 m depth NT200+ = NT200 + 3 outer strings (36 optical modules) Height x  = 210m x 200m, Vinst = 5106m3 Eff. shower volume: 104 TeV ~ 10 Mton

  13. Gigaton Volume Detector (GVD) in Lake Baikal R&D status Objectives: - km3-scale 3D-array of photodetectors - flexible structure allowing an upgrade and/or a rearrangement of the main building blocks (clusters) - high sensitivity and resolution of neutrino energy, direction and flavor content Central Physics Goals: - Investigate Galactic and extragalactic neutrino “point sources” in energy range > 10 TeV - Diffuse neutrino flux – energy spectrum, local and global anisotropy, flavor content - Transient sources (GRB, …)

  14. Claster Str. section 315 - 460 m GVD - Preliminary design Layout: ~2300 Optical Modules, 96 Strings, 12 Clusters String comprises 24 OMs, which are combined in 2 independent Sections Cluster contains 8 strings Instrumented volume: 0.4 – 0.6 km3 Detection Performance Cascades: (E>100 TeV):Veff ~0.3–0.8 km3 δ(lgE) ~0.1, δθmed~ 3o-6o Muons:(E>10 TeV): Seff ~ 0.2 – 0.5 km2 δθmed~ 0.3o-0.5o

  15. Cable communication to shore • 1370 m maximum depth • Distance to shore 4 … 5 km • 12 clusters × 192 OM • 12 cables ~ 6 km Shore Center 12 Shore cables ~6 km NT200+ 12 GVD clusters 1350…1370 m GVD cluster

  16. Optimisation of GVD configuration (preliminary) Parameters for optimization: Z – vertical distance between OM R – distance between string and cluster centre H – distance between cluster centres Trigger:coincidences of any neighbouring OM on string (thresholds 0.5&3p.e.) PMT:R7081HQE,10”, QE~0.35 The compromise between cascade detection volume and muon effective area: H=300 m R = 60 m Z = 15 m R=60 m R=80 m R=100 m Muon effective area

  17. GVD – R&D (2006-2010) OM Section String Cluster 12 OMs 2 Sections 8 Strings to Shore GVD - Key Elements and Systems: - Optical Module - FADC-readout system - Section Trigger Logics - Calibration - Data Transport - Cluster Trigger System, DAQ - Data Transport to Shore

  18. 1,4 1,2 XP1807 1,0 #1006 R8055 XP1807 0,8 R8055 Relative PM sensitivities R8055 #186 #1026 #228 #314 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 PMT number Optical module 2008-2009 2008-2010 2010 Relative sensitivities of large area PMs R8055/13” and XP1807/12” XP1807(12”), R8055(13”)‏, R7081HQE(10”) QE ~0.24 QE ~0.2 QE~0.35 HV unit: SHV12-2.0K,TracoPower OM controller Amplifier: Kamp = 10 LED calibration system (2 LEDs) XP1807 R8055 R7081HQE Functional scheme of the optical module electronics

  19. Measuring channels OM PMT12 PMT1 90 m coax. cable BEG 90 m coax.cable Amplifier FADC 12 Amplifier FADC 1 … • BEG (FADC Unit) • 3 FADC-board: 4-channel, 12 bit, 200 MHz; • OM power controller; • VME controller: trigger logic, data readout from • FADC, connection via local Ethernet

  20. Section – basic detection unit • Section: • - 12 Optical Modules • - BEG with 12 FADC channels and trigger unit • Service Module (SM): LEDs for OM calibration, OM power • supply, acoustic positioning system. • Basic trigger: coincidences of nearby OM (threch. ~0.5&3 p.e.) • expected count rate < 100 Hz • Communications: • BEG  cluster centre: DSL-modem, expected dataflow < 1Mbit/s • BEG  OMs: RS-485 Bus (slow control)

  21. Cluster of strings 8 Strings String consists of 2 sections (2×12 OM) Cluster DAQ Centre (4 modules) PC-module with optical Ethernet communication to shore (data transmission and synchronization) Trigger module with 8 FADC channels (time mark of string trigger) Data communication module (8 DSL-modems for communication to strings, ~10 Mbit/s for 1 km ) Power control system Cluster DAQ center

  22. GVD prototype strings 2009 - 2010 Prototype string 2009 Prototype string 2010 PMT: Photonis XP1807 6 OM Hamamatsu R8055 6 OM PMT: Hamamatsu R7081HQE 7 OM Hamamatsu R8055 3 OM NT200+ In-situ tests of basic elements of GVD with prototypes strings (2009...2010) Investigation and tests of new optical modules, DAQ system, cabling system, triggering approaches ( LED Laser Muons)

  23. Prototype string deployment: April 2010 SM BEG2 BEG1 PC R7081HQE R8055

  24. Time resolution of measuring channels (in-situ tests with LED) LED flasher produces pairs of delayed pulses. Light pulses are transmitted to each optical module (channel) via individual optical fibers. Delay values are calculated from the FADC data. Measured delay dT between two LED pulses LED2 LED1 Example of a two-pulse LED flasher event (channel #5) LED1 and LED 2 pulse amplitude (dT) 1.6 ns

  25. Time accuracy (in-situ test with Laser) Test with LASER T = <dTLASER – dTEXPECTED> dTEXPECTED = (r2-r1)cwater dTLASER - time difference between two channels measured for Laser pulses (averaged on all channel combinations with fixed (r2-r1)) OM#1 OM#2 OM#3 OM#4 Differences between dT measured with Laser and expected dT in dependence on distances between channels dr OM#5 OM#6 110 m OM#7 OM#8 OM#9 r1 OM#10  T < 3 ns OM#11 OM#12 r2 LASER 97m

  26. Muon detection T between muon pulses detected with different channels are studied and compared with simulation of the string response to the atmospheric muon flux. Trigger: 3-fold OM coincidences MC Distribution of time difference T between muon pulses for two up-ward looking PMTs: experiment and expectation from atm. muons.

  27. Schedule: >2006Activity towards the Gigaton Volume Detector 2008-10Prototype Strings ( test of GVD key elements and systems) 2010-11 Technical Design Report 2010-12Preparatory Phase, Prototype of Cluster (in-situ test) 2011-16 Fabrication(OMs, cables, connectors, electronics) 2012-17Construction(0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0) GVD

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