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The 1960s

The 1960s. – An Important Decade in World History. Chapter 24. What Will I Learn?. Debate the idea of the 1960s as an important decade in European and world history Examine the role of relevant personalities, issues and events

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The 1960s

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  1. The 1960s – An Important Decade in World History Chapter 24

  2. What Will I Learn? • Debate the idea of the 1960s as an important decade in European and world history • Examine the role of relevant personalities, issues and events • Illustrate the patterns of change in Crime and Punishment or Health and Medicine • Explore the Nature of History

  3. Why was the 1960s an Important Decade?

  4. The Cold War • Dominated international relations • Building of Berlin Wall • The Cuban Missile Crisis • The Vietnam War • The Space Race

  5. The Cold War President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev face each other over Berlin. • Importance of the Cold War • It was a competition between the capitalist and democratic West and the communist dictatorships of the East • It brought the world to the brink of nuclear war, especially in the Cuban Missile Crisis (p. 351) • It forced other countries to take sides for either the USA or the USSR • It caused local crises such as the building of the Berlin Wall (p. 349) • It resulted in spending enormous sums of money on military equipment Kennedy and Khrushchev trying to deal with the Cuban Missile Crisis.

  6. The Space Race • Importance of the Space Race • It led to huge investment by both the USA and the USSR in space exploration • It led to a victory for US technology in getting the first men on the Moon • It increased our knowledge of space and led to the development of space stations • Technology developed for space exploration led to CAT and MRI scanners for hospitals, freeze-dried food, better insulation, water purification technology and other improvements.

  7. The Vietnam War • US involvement in Vietnam War • Based on policy of containment – contain spread of communism Viet Cong backed by North Vietnam, China andthe USSR South Vietnam backed by USA V See Skills Book pp. 211–212

  8. The Vietnam War

  9. The Vietnam War • Importance of Vietnam War • It led to deep divisions in the USA between those who supported the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement. • It led to thousands of US and Vietnamese deaths and widespread destruction in North and South Vietnam. • It led to the defeat of the US army in the war. • It showed that superior military technology was not able to defeat guerrilla warfare supported by the people. Muhammed Ali

  10. Civil Rights in the USA • Black Americans suffered discrimination, especially in the South • Racial segregation • Lynching • Civil Rights movement in 1960s • Passive resistance • Legal challenges • Martin Luther King • Direct Action • Freedom Riders • Lunch-counter protests

  11. Civil Rights in the USA ‘I Have A Dream’, an extract from Martin Luther King’s speech in Washington, 28 August 1963 And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’ I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, – one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! See Skills Book p. 215

  12. Civil Rights in the USA • Importance of Civil Rights in USA • It showed that a campaign of passive resistance with widespread support could change the law. • The campaign for civil rights provided an example for women’s liberation (see p. 378) and for civil rights in Northern Ireland (see Ch 26). • It showed that racism was widespread in southern states of the USA. • It created bitter scenes of conflict in many parts of the USA. • It showed that many Black Americans remained poor in spite of winning civil rights.

  13. Decolonisation in Africa and Asia Rise of nationalism in Africa and Asia USA and USSR favoured decolonisation World War II weakened European economies European countries could not afford to maintain imperial armies Causes of Decolonisation Growth of educated leadership in colonies World War II showed European empires could be defeated See Skills Book p. 216

  14. Decolonisation in Africa and Asia

  15. Decolonisation in Africa and Asia • Importance of decolonisation • Many countries in Africa and Asia got their independence • Some independent countries fought civil wars afterwards • Britain and France lost their leading roles in world politics • Native people from the former colonies migrated to Britain and France before and after independence

  16. Women’s Liberation Movement Source 1 Extract from the movie, The Tender Trap (1955) Debbie Reynolds: The theatre’s alright, but it’s only temporary. Frank Sinatra: Are you thinking of something else? Debbie Reynolds: Marriage, I hope. A career is just fine, but it’s no substitute for marriage. Don’t you think a man is just the most important thing in the whole world? A woman isn’t a woman until she’s married and had children. Source 3 The Feminine Mystique was an account of the frustrations and unhappiness of educated American women unable, as ‘good wives and mothers’, to use their education and stretch their intelligence – ‘the problem that has no name’ – and a criticism of the way in which American society forced women into the role of home-keepers and carers … (Anthony Marwick, The Sixties [1998]) Source 2 Many young women – certainly not all – whose education plunged them into a world of ideas feel stifled in their homes. They finish their routine lives out of joint with their training. Like shut-ins, they feel left out. … (The New York Times, 28 June, 1960) Betty Friedan

  17. Women’s Liberation Movement • Importance of Women’s Liberation Movement • Laws were changed to ban discrimination against women • Women were more aware of discrimination and were more prepared to challenge it • But issues in relation to promotion and pay were more difficult to overcome

  18. Youth Culture and Revolution • A break between youth and adult culture • A youth market developed • The generation gap • Differences in music, clothes, ideas • Rock ‘n roll revolution • Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Rolling Stones • Teddy Boys, mods and rockers, hippies • 1968 • Middle-class youth • Critical of society, e.g. Cold War, arms race, Vietnam War • Some followed revolutionary ideas • Demonstrations in USA • In France opposition to traditional university education • Downfall of President de Gaulle

  19. Youth Culture and Revolution Beatles arrive in New York On February 7, 1964, Pan Am Yankee Clipper flight 101 from London Heathrow lands at New York’s Kennedy Airport–and ‘Beatlemania’ arrives. It was the first visit to the United States by the Beatles, a British rock-and-roll quartet that had just scored its first No. 1 U.S. hit six days before with ‘I Want to Hold Your Hand.’ At Kennedy, the ‘Fab Four’ – dressed in mod suits and sporting their trademark pudding bowl haircuts–were greeted by 3,000 screaming fans who caused a near riot when the boys stepped off their plane and onto American soil. … (www.history.com/this-day-in-history/beatles-arrive-in-new-York)

  20. Youth Culture and Revolution • Importance of the Youth Culture and Revolution • It created difference between younger people and adults • It created a new market for products • It brought about changes in behaviour in society

  21. Vatican II • The importance of Vatican II • It led to changes in the Catholic Church to meet the demands of modern society • The changes impacted on people in the largest religion in the world • It led to a greater role for laity in the Church • It reduced European influence in the Catholic Church and opened it to Third World influences • Special council of Catholic Church • Adapt to changes in modern society • Greater lay participation • Use of vernacular • Relations with other churches • More Third World influences Pope John XXIII See Skills Book p. 218

  22. China – the Cultural Revolution • Power struggle in China • Opposing views on how China should develop • Mao Zedong launched Cultural Revolution • Give more power to the peasants • Red Guards organised against opponents • Country in chaos • Complete control for Mao • Importance of Chinese Cultural Revolution • It caused chaos in China and let to economic decline • It led to many deaths • It taught Chinese leaders that there were other better ways to modernise China See Skills Book p. 219

  23. See Skills Book p. 221

  24. Crime and Punishment in Modern Times Who made the laws? Economic Changes Social changes and divisions Diverse society Growth of cities and towns Factors Influencing Crime and Punishment Public opinion Anonymous society Rising expectations of consumer society

  25. Who Enforced the Laws?

  26. What Were the Crimes? • New variations on old crimes • Cybercrime • Terrorism • New crimes • Race and Religious Hatred Act (2006) • New drug laws • New laws on car usage • Some criminal acts abolished • Homosexuality • Abortion in some situations Cartoon depicting a force-fed suffragette.

  27. What Were the Punishments? • Separate system of 19th century dropped • Changed conditions in prison • Workshops set up • Hope to make prisoners better people • More crime from 1960s onwards • More offenders, longer sentences • Prison riots in 1970s • New punishments • Probation • Community Service Orders • Electronic tagging • Juvenile courts • Borstal system abolished – Youth Detention Centres instead

  28. Death Penalty Death penalty abolished

  29. Health and Medicine in Modern Times

  30. More Knowledge • Scientists and doctors discover more about the workings of the human body Cures and remedies:

  31. More Cures and Remedies Louise Brown

  32. More Cures and Remedies

  33. AIDS

  34. Surgery

  35. Public Health • Beveridge Report • Welfare State – ‘from the cradle to the grave’ • NHS • Slum clearances • New Towns Act 1946 • Tower blocks • Clean Air Acts, 1956 and 1968

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