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Basic Immunology BSc in Physiotherapy Weeks 1-15 Wednesdays 10-12 F.402. www.immunology.unideb.hu Login: student Password: download. Esther Bokhobza estherbokhobza@gmail.com. Immunitas = freedom from (Latin) What is the function of the immune system?

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  1. Basic Immunology BSc in Physiotherapy Weeks 1-15 Wednesdays 10-12 F.402 www.immunology.unideb.hu Login: student Password: download Esther Bokhobza estherbokhobza@gmail.com

  2. Immunitas = freedom from (Latin) What is the function of the immune system? How does it recognize, eliminate and remember pathogenic microorganisms?

  3. Immunitas = freedom from (Latin) How does it differentiate between harmful and harmless? How does it differentiate between self and non-self? What about its specificity? What about flexibility? (Influenza) Speed? Is there room for failure? (Immunodeficiency) Keep in mind! Harmful self- tumors Harmless non-self- normal flora

  4. We live in a potentially hostile world filled with infectious agents of diverse shape, size and composition which would very happily use us as rich sanctuaries… …had we not developed a series of defense mechanisms.

  5. WHY IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SO IMPORTANT? PATHOGENS Virus Bacteria Viruses 3 hours 3 hours Multicellular parazites (helminths) Monocellular parazites Cells of human body: 90% microbes, 10% human Gut bacteria: 1014 Human cell population: 1013

  6. DEFENCE MECHANISMS

  7. Microbiological barriers The normal flora A microbial community that inhabits the skin and mucosal membranes of mouth, gut and vagina. Symbiotic, non-pathogenic microbes, living in „peaceful” commensalisms. In this ecosystem, the fittest survive and there is a competition over nutrients with pathogenic organisms. (Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses and Helminthes).

  8. Physical and chemical barriers Stomach Respiratory tract • pH of 3-4 • Pepsin • Cilliary movement • Coughing, sneezing Skin Impaired cilia movement (CF)! • Tight junctions • Keratin layer • Antibacterial peptides; Defensins • pH of 5.5 • Fatty acids Burns and susceptibility to infections! Eye • Tear film (Oils, lactoferin, mucinand lyzosyme) Vagina • pH of 3.8-4.5 • Lactobacillus Lactic acid

  9. ! ! LYMPHOID ORGANS Primarylymphoid organs: - Bone marrow - Thymus Secondary lymphoid organs: - Spleen - Lymphatic vessels - Lymph nodes - Adenoids and tonsils - MALT (Mucosal AssociatedLymphoid Tissue) GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue) BALT (Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue) SALT (Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue) NALT (Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

  10. Bone marrow Red bone marrow  The site of hematopoiesis The bone marrow of a 65kg person weights 2.6kg and produces around 500 billion cells per day Hematopoietic cells leave the central cavity and drain to a central vein

  11. Thymus Thymocytes from the bone marrow arrive at the thymus and mature into T cells Thymocytes Epithelial cells Dendritic cells Macrophages

  12. Spleen Weights 150g, in the upper left abdomen. The spleen filters the blood and serves as a secondary lymphoid organ

  13. Spleen Lymphocyte aggregations similar to the lymph node only that cells and pathogens enter from the blood Red pulp- filters the blood; from antigens, microorganisms and worn-out RBCs

  14. Lymphatic vessels

  15. Lymphatic nodes

  16. Lymph node

  17. Secondary lymphatic tissues

  18. Secondary lymphatic tissues MALT • Lymphatic tissues that are more diffused are generally known as MALT (Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue). Similar microanatomy as the lymph nodes and spleen • Most of the pathogens get into human body through mucosa • A thin, huge surface, dinamic structure • Intenseand active immune surveillance mechanisms ensure the protection • Mucus contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, special enzymes • Anti microbial peptides provide biological defence mecanism against intection • Most of the lymphocyte reside arround the mucosal surface

  19. Kripta GALT

  20. GALT • The Lamina propriacontains lymphatic tissue • underlying the gastrointestinal tract connective tissue • The small intestine contains lymphoid nodules; the • Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles. • Pathogens are delivered across the mucosa to APCs by specialized mucosal epithelial cells are called the M cells (microfold cells).

  21. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes

  22. GALT • The large intestine contains isolated lymphoid follicles and the appendix • Antigens arising from Peyer’s patches and Lamina Propria travel to T cell areas in the GALT or Mesenteric lymph nodes.

  23. NALT • Guarding the gastrointestinal entrance •  Waldeyer’s ring: Pharyngeal, Tubal, Palatine and LingualTonsils Tonsilitis

  24. Supplementary material

  25. FIRST VACCINATION Edward Jenner 1796 The induction of immunity/protection from smallpox(cowpox)

  26. a a a Louis Pasteur1880 Immunization with attenuated pathogens against rabies

  27. Ilya Mechnikov 1883 Paul Ehrlich 1900 Phagocytosis Pathogen recognition by special receptor, clonal proliferation to multiply cells that are able to recognize the pathogen Probiotics

  28. Protective humoral factors Antibodies in serum bound to relevant pathogens Koch Laboratory,Germany 1890Diphteria and Tetanus toxin Emil Behring ShimbasaruKitasato • Many diseases occur only once (natural protection) • Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination • The blood contains anti-bacterial activity (anti-toxins, serum therapy)

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