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THE DIENCEPHALON

THE DIENCEPHALON. EPITHALAMUS THALAMUS SUBTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS. 1- epithalamus 2 – thalamus 3- subthalamus 4 - hypothalamus. DIENCEPHALON – medial aspect. Diencephalon- Superior aspect. Diencephalon – cross section I. Diencephalon – cross section II.

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THE DIENCEPHALON

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  1. THE DIENCEPHALON • EPITHALAMUS • THALAMUS • SUBTHALAMUS • HYPOTHALAMUS

  2. 1- epithalamus 2 – thalamus 3- subthalamus 4 - hypothalamus

  3. DIENCEPHALON – medial aspect

  4. Diencephalon- Superior aspect

  5. Diencephalon – cross section I

  6. Diencephalon – cross section II

  7. Thalamus – relation to the internal capsule

  8. THE THALAMUS • Anterior nuclei • Medial nuclei (mediodorsal nc.) • Lateral nuclei – dorsal tier (lateral dorsal nc., lateral posterior nc. ventral tier ( ventral anterior – VA, ventral lateral – VL, ventral posterolateral- VPL, ventral posteromedial – VPM, ventral intermediate - VIM, • Medial geniculate nc., • Lateral geniculate nc., • Intralaminar nuclei • Midline nuclei • Posterior nuclei (nuclei of pulvinar) • Reticular nucleus

  9. Thalamus – pulvinar and epithalamic nuclei (medial and lateral geniculate body)

  10. Pul = pulvinar thalami MGB = medial geniculate body LGB = lateral ge niculate body

  11. Topography of the thalamic nuclei

  12. Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic loop input

  13. Thalamic nuclei • Relay nuclei (specific) – MGN, LGN, VPL, VPM, VL, VA • Receives input predominantly from a single source • Processed information is sent to a localized region of cortex • Are modality specific • Specific nuclei (after stimulation sharply localized cortical response)

  14. Association (nonspecific) nuclei • MD, LD, LP, Posterior ncc., • Receives input from a number of structures or cortical areas • Sends fibers to the association cortical areas

  15. Auditory pathway + BG visual pathway trigemino-thalamictr. spino-thalamictr. lemniscalsystem Afferent connections of the main thalamic nuclei

  16. Thalamocortical projections

  17. Thalamocortical projections

  18. Inputs and outputs from thalamic nuclei

  19. Cerebello (dentato)-thalamic projections Majority of cerebellar fibers terminate in the VL nucleus Cerebello

  20. HYPOTHALAMUS

  21. Hypothalamic zones and nuclei

  22. No discrete nuclei Regulation of food and water intake Tuberal region VM – satiety center (lesion produces hyperphagia + obesity) Arcuate nc. - delivers peptides to the portal vessels Mamillary region Posterior nc.- elevating of blood pressure, pupillary dilatation, body heat conservation Mammillary ncc. – memory formation THE HYPOTHALAMUS • Lateral zone • Medial zone • Well defined nuclei • Chiasmatic region (hormone release- • SO,PV) • Cardiovascular function (Ant.) • Circadian rhytms (SCH) • Body temperature (Preoptic nc.)

  23. References: P.Brodal : Central nervous system, Oxford, 2006 J. H. Martin : Neuroanatomy, McGraw-Hill, 2003 V. Chan - Palay : Cerebellar dentate nucleus, Springer 1977. P. Kopf – Meier. Atlas of Human Anatomy Karger, 2000.

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