MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges: Nanotechnology & Space (6e)

1. MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges:Nanotechnology & Space(6e) Human flight Jordi Isern Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC)

2. A corps of 12 astronauts. In 1998 ESA created a European Astronaut Corps: • astronaut programmes in individual European countries were merged into a single, European programme. • The EAC - European Astronaut Centre - located in Cologne, Germany, is the training facility and homebase for all European astronauts. European astronauts

3. European astronauts ESA astronauts: • Jean-François Clervoy (France) • Léopold Eyharts (France) • Reinhold Ewald (Germany) • Christer Fuglesang (Sweden) • André Kuipers (Netherlands) • Paolo Nespoli (Italy) •Claude Nicollier (Switzerland) •Thomas Reiter (Germany) • Hans Schlegel (Germany) • Gerhard Thiele (Germany) • Roberto Vittori (Italy) • Frank De Winne (Belgium).

4. US Shuttle missions: (12) • Spacelab-1, Ulf Merbold (D): 28 Nov / 8 Dec 1983, • Spacelab D-1, Wubbo Ockels (D): 30 Oct / 6 Nov 1985, • Spacelab IML-1, Ulf Merbold (D): : 22 / 30 Jan 1992, • Eureca, Claude Nicollier (CH): 31 July / 8 Aug 1992, • HST First Servicing Mission, Claude Nicollier (CH): : 2 / 13 Dec 1993, • Atlas-3, Jean-François Clervoy (F): 3 / 14 Nov 1994, • TSS-IR, Claude Nicollier (CH): : 22 Feb / 9 March 1996, • 6th Shuttle/Mir station mission, Jean-François Clervoy (F): : 15 / 24 May 1997, • Spacelab, Pedro Duque (S): 29 Oct / 7 Nov 1998, • HST Third Servicing Mission, Claude Nicollier (CH): : 19 / 27 Dec 1999, • SRTM, Gerhard Thiele (D): 11 / 12 Feb 2000, • 9th Flight Shuttle/ISS with MPLM: 19 April / 1st May 2001. Missions on board Mir station: (3) • EUROMIR 94, Ulf Merbold (D): : 3 Oct / 4 Nov 1994, • EUROMIR 95, Thomas Reiter (D): 3 Sept 1995 / 29 Feb 1996, • PERSEUS, Jean-Pierre Haigneré (F): 20 Feb / 28 Aug 1999. Soyuz flight toward ISS: (6) • Andromède, Claudie Haigneré (F): 21 / 31 Oct 2001, • Marco Polo, Roberto Vittori (I): 25 April / 5 May 2002, • Odissea, Frank De Winne (B): 30 Oct / 10 Nov 2002, • Cervantes, Pedro Duque (E): 18 Oct / 28 Oct 2003, • Delta, André Kuipers (NL) : 19 / 30 April 2004, • Eneide, Roberto Vittori (I) : 15 / 25 April 2005. Human spaceflight:gaining experience. ESA has had 21 astronaut missions.

5. Spacelab • A pressurised module designed and built by ESA where astronauts work in a shirt-sleeve environment. • Carrier pallets added to this module in the Shuttle's cargo bay. • Over 20 missions with ESA or other astronauts have flown. Neurolab in 1998 was last Spacelab mission. Euromir • Missions on board Mir station: - Euromir 94 (3 Oct - 4 Nov 1994 - 31 days) - Euromir 95 (3 Sept 1995 - 29 Feb 1996 - 179 days) • Benefits: - specific training and flight experience - know-how to conduct experiments onboard a space station. Spacelab and Euromir

6. European Astronauts in space 1 2 1 • Claude NICOLLIER - STS-103/HST - 1999 2 • Frank De WINNE - ODISSEA - 2002 3 • Roberto VITTORI - MARCO POLO - 2002 4 • Pedro DUQUE - CERVANTES - 2003 3 4

7. Europe is participating in the following: • Development and operation of flight elements and their associated ground infrastructure: - Columbus Laboratory - Automated Transport Vehicle (ATV). • Development and delivery of hardware and software to other partners through cooperation or barter arrangements : Node 2, Node 3, Data Management System for the Russian Service Module (Zvezda), European Robotic Arm, Cupola, and other elements. • Development of multi-user experiment facilities on the International Space Station, in the framework of the Microgravity Facilities for Columbus programme. • Preparation for the operation and utilisation of the Station • Preparation for astronaut activities on the Station. International Space Station:elements of European contribution.

8. RUSSIA ESA-ATV CANADA USA JAPAN ESA-COLOMBUS The International Space Station

9. D F I B CH E DK NL N S Total Development Programme 2651 M€ 41% 27,6% 18,9% 3% 2,5% 2% 1,17% 0,94% 0,46% 0,4% 97,97% Microgravity Facilities for Columbus 207 M€ 40% 22,8% 15,8% 10% 4% 2% 1,93% 1,5% - - 98,03% The European participation in the International Space Station was formally agreed at ESA’s Council meeting at Ministerial level in Toulouse in October 1995. Two programmes were initiated: • European participation in the International Space Station Development Programme, running from 1996 to 2004, with a total financial envelope of 2651 million € (at 1995 economic conditions), for development of space and ground infrastructure elements. • The Microgravity Facilities for Columbus Programme with a financial envelope of 207 million € (at 1995 economic conditions). Ten ESA Member States are contributing financially. International Space Station European participation programmes. M€: Million of Euro

10. Launch date : Jan 2008 Launch mass of 12400 kg, • 6,7m long, • 4,5m diameter Accomodation of external payloads: • attachment structures for 4 Express Pallet adapters Sized for 20 kW of power provided by the station. 13.5 kW available for payload Up to 15 years on-orbit lifetime in maintenance and repair Columbus Laboratory:technical description. The Columbus Laboratory is a pressurised, habitable laboratory module which will be carried to the International space Station in the cargo bay of the US Space Shuttle and attached to Node 2 of the Station. Columbus has the external payload-carrying structures for four Express Pallet adapters for technology experiments, Earth observation and space science.

11. COLUMBUS LABORATORY artist’ view Real view of ISS in orbit (2004) The International Space Station

12. First operational flight: May 2007 Operational flight rate: approximately 1 flight/15 months Overall length 10.3 m, diameter 4,5 m, Total launch mass up to 20.7 t, with up to 9 t of cargo. Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) : technical description Made up of a an unpressurised module for propellant, water and gas, and a pressurised cargo carrier for dry cargo. To be launched by Ariane 5 from Kourou in May 2007 (tbc): after two days of autonomous transfer flight, it arrives at the International Space Station and docks automatically to rear of Russian Service Module (Zvezda). Carries a total cargo of up to 9 t: • up to 5.5 t of dry cargo (re-supply goods, scientific payload, etc) • up to 840 kg of water and 100 kg gas • up to 860 kg of propellant for refuelling the Station • up to 4.7 t of propellant for reboost manoeuvre.

13. ATV Cut open view ISS Artist’ view with ATV docked ERA European Robotic Arm artist’ view

14. In November 2001, The ESA Council approved the Aurora preparatory programme. • The preparatory phase (2001-2005): • During this period, work has been concentrated on the elaboration of a long term plan for exploration activities, and missions and technology definition studies. - automoted guidance and navigation control - micro-avionics - data processing and communication - entry, descent and landing - crew and life support - in situ resource utilisation - power/generation, conditioning and storage - propulsion in space/transportation, robotics and mechanisms - structures and thermal control - instrument technology. Aurora:future human and robotic exploration.

15. Artist's view of the ExoMars rover • The current Exploration Programme (Aurora) is divided into: • • Core programme: to establish the ability for Europe • to participate in meaningful ways to the future global • exploration initiatives. • - Exploration roadmaps, scenarios and associated architecture studies • - Mars Sample Return (MSR) preparation • - Preparation of general robotic and human exploration technology • - Awareness activities • • Exploration Missions: to provide for the development, • launch and operation of selected exploration missions, • starting with ExoMars. Aurora:future human and robotic exploration.