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PATHOLOGIES

PATHOLOGIES. CT OF THE HEAD PATHOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS. Sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid (mucus and/or pus). SINUSITIS. SINUS POLYP.

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PATHOLOGIES

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  1. PATHOLOGIES

  2. CT OF THE HEAD PATHOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS

  3. Sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid (mucus and/or pus). SINUSITIS

  4. SINUS POLYP

  5. Demonstrates a superior orbital fracture on the left with fragments of bone extending toward the frontal lobe. There was no evidence of an optic canal fracture. ORBITAL FRACTURE

  6. ORBITAL ROOF FRACTURE

  7. TRIPOD FRACTURE

  8. The tripod fracture, also called the zygomaticomaxillary complex, is composed of a set of fractures including the lateral orbital wall, inferior orbital floor, and the zygomatic arch.

  9. Blowout fracture

  10. MANDIBULAR FRACTURE

  11. SKULL FRACTURES • OPEN • CLOSED

  12. Although the skull is tough, resilient, and provides excellent protection for the brain, a severe impact or blow can result in fracture of the skull and may be accompanied by injury to the brain. Some of the different types of skull fracture include: Simple: a break in the bone without damage to the skinLinear or hairline: a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of boneDepressed: a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brainCompound: a break in or loss of skin and splintering of the bone. Along with the fracture, brain injury, such as subdural hematoma (bleeding) may occur.

  13. OPEN FRACTURE-COMPOUND

  14. CLOSED FRACTURE

  15. HEMORRHAGE • INTRACEREBRAL • SUBDURAL • EPIDURAL • SUBARACHNOID

  16. INTRACEREBRAL

  17. SUBDURAL

  18. SDH • form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers between the dura (the outer protective covering of the brain) and the arachnoid (the middle layer of the meninges).

  19. EPIDURAL

  20. EDH • buildup of blood occurring between the dura mater (the brain's tough outer membrane) and the skull.

  21. SUBARACHNOID

  22. SAH • is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

  23. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is the most common cause of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. 90-95% of all intracranial aneurysms are located in the carotid system. The anterior communicating artery is the most common site (30%), followed by the posterior communicating artery (25%) and the middle cerebral artery (20%).

  24. CEREBRAL INFARCT

  25. BRAIN CYST

  26. HYDROCEPHALUS

  27. ARTERIO-VENOUS MALFORMATION

  28. What is a brain AVM? Normally, arteries carry blood containing oxygen from the heart to the brain, and veins carry blood with less oxygen away from the brain and back to the heart. When an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurs, a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or on its surface bypasses normal brain tissue and directly diverts blood from the arteries to the veins

  29. BRAIN METS

  30. CVA

  31. This is a CAT scan of a patient with a bleeding stroke caused by CAA. The two bright areas represent recent areas of bleeding into the brain. Both areas are in the outer part of the brain that is characteristic for CAA-related strokes.

  32. BRAIN INFECTIONS • MENINGITIS • ENCEPHALITIS • ABSCESS

  33. MENINGITIS Subdural empyema and diffuse cerebral edema in a patient with bacterial meningitis (same patient as in Image 18). Obtained 1 week after Image 18, this contrast-enhanced CT scan shows diffuse cerebral edema and lacunar infarcts in the thalamus.

  34. ENCEPHALITIS Encephalitis Encephalitis is an inflammation (irritation and swelling with presence of extra immune cells) of the brain, usually caused by infections.

  35. BRAIN ABSCESS

  36. BRAIN TUMORS • ASTROCYTOMAS • GLIOMAS • PINEAL REGION TUMORS • LIPOMA • ACOUSTIC NEUROMA • MENINGIOMA

  37. astrocytomasAstrocytomas are glial cell tumors that are derived from connective tissue cells called astrocytes. These cells can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytomas are the most common type of childhood brain tumor.

  38. Brain stem gliomas • are tumors found in the brain stem. Most brain stem tumors cannot be surgically removed because of the remote location and delicate and complex function this area controls. Brain stem gliomas occur almost exclusively in children; the group most often affected is the school-age child. The child usually does not have increased intracranial pressure, but may have problems with double vision, movement of the face or one side of the body, or difficulty with walking and coordination

  39. optic nerve gliomas • Optic nerve gliomas are found in or around the nerves that send messages from the eyes to the brain. They are frequently found in persons who have neurofibromatosis, a condition a child is born with that makes him/her more likely to develop tumors in the brain. Persons usually experience loss of vision, as well as hormone problems, since these tumors are usually located at the base of the brain where hormonal control is located. These are typically difficult to treat due to the surrounding sensitive brain structures.

  40. medulloblastomas • Medulloblastomas are one type of PNET that are found near the midline of the cerebellum. This tumor is rapidly growing and often blocks drainage of the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord), causing symptoms associated with increased ICP. Medulloblastoma cells can spread (metastasize) to other areas of the central nervous system, especially around the spinal cord. A combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy is usually needed to control these tumors

  41. pineal region tumors • Many different tumors can arise near the pineal gland, a gland which helps control sleep and wake cycles. Gliomas are common in this region, as are pineal blastomas (PNET). In addition, germ cell tumors, another form of malignant tumor, can be found in this area. Tumors in this region are more common in children than adults, and make up 3 to 8 percent of pediatric brain tumors. Benign pineal gland cysts are also seen in this location, which makes the diagnosis difficult between what is malignant and what is benign. Biopsy or removal of the tumor is frequently necessary to tell the different types of tumors apart. Persons with tumors in this region frequently experience headaches or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Treatment depends on the tumor type and size.

  42. GLIOMA

  43. ACOUSTIC NEUROMA

  44. ACOUSTIC NEUROMA

  45. PITUITARY GLAND TUMOR

  46. CT PROTOCOLS • HEAD • HEAD VASCULAR CTA CTV • PITUITARY & SELLA TURCICA • INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL • ORBITS • PARANASAL SINUSES • TMJ • FACIAL BONES • DENTAL • STEREOTACTIC

  47. OML CML IOML

  48. HEAD/BRAIN (ADULT) SCOUT: LATERAL FOV -240 LANDMARK: OML – 15 DEG ABOVE OML SLICE PLANE: AXIAL I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML 1-1.5 ML/SEC, TUMOR, METS - 5 MIN DELAY SLICE THICKNESS: 5 x 5 mm START LOCATION: FORAMEN MAGNUM END LOCATION: VERTEX FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE DFOV 25

  49. 15 DEG AND 20 DEG ABOVE OML

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