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US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1948 - 1995

US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1948 - 1995. Creation of Israel. The events of World War II halted the migration of Jews to Palestine with the chaos that erupts in Europe. Hitler and the Nazi’s massacre millions of Jews in the Holocaust.

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US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1948 - 1995

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  1. US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST1948 - 1995

  2. Creation of Israel • The events of World War II halted the migration of Jews to Palestine with the chaos that erupts in Europe. • Hitler and the Nazi’s massacre millions of Jews in the Holocaust. • Following the Allied victory over the Axis powers, the newly created United Nations, a panel of nations that helps maintain peace in the world, seeks to establish a nation for the Jews who were displaced from the homes in Europe during the war.

  3. Projected Territory

  4. Israel Created • Israel declares its independence in 1948. • The next day Arab states attack Israel. • These states include Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Palestine. • This becomes the first Arab-Israeli War. • Israel wins the war and expands its territory by capturing a majority of the Arab State • The war creates 700,000 Palestinian refugees.

  5. Arab-Israeli War of 1948

  6. Arab-Israeli Wars • Over the next 30 years, Israel fights off Arab aggressions three more times. • The Suez Crisis in 1956 • The Six Days War in 1967 • The Yom Kippur War in 1973 • Israeli is forced to take defensive military standings known as pre-emptive strikes, which means attacking one’s enemy before you are attacked. • Heavily disliked by the Arab world.

  7. Maps of Wars in 1948, 1956

  8. Maps of Wars 1967, 1973

  9. Why was there an oil crisis in 1973? VS.

  10. Camp David 1979 • Led by President Jimmy Carter • Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist. • Israel returns Sinai to Egypt. • Leads to Sadat’s assassination in 1981. • Oslo Accords 1993 • Israel and PLO accept each other’s right to exist. • Allows limited Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and Jericho. • Leads to Rabin’s assassination in 1995. Peace Accords

  11. I

  12. US led a secret coup to oust the democratically elected government in 1953. • Put Shah Pahlavi in power • Pro-US • Gave US discounts on Iranian oil Iran Crisis

  13. Ayatollah Khomeini • Leader of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that led to the removal Shah Pahlavi. • Led Iran to adopt a ultra-conservative government based on an extremist view of Shi'a Islam and took a hard-line stance against the United States government.

  14. Iranian Revolution 1979 • Iranian Revolutionaries stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took it over. • All personnel inside the embassy were taken as hostages. • The US embassy workers would remain as hostages for 444 days until the US could negotiate their release.

  15. Iranian Hostage Crisis • Because of his inactivity, President Carter will be voted out of office in 1980 by the American voters. • Ronald Regan will win the Presidency and quickly work to gain freedom for the hostages. • Since then, no major US diplomat will enter Iran.

  16. Operation Argo: Secret rescue

  17. 1980, Iraq’s forces, under an up and coming leader named Saddam Hussein seizes control of a disputed border area between Iraq and Iran. • War broke out between the two nations. • Both sides attacked oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, the US Navy began to protect shipping lanes in the region. • The war continued until 1988 and created extreme hardship in both nations. • Saddam Hussein incurs war debts to the United States. • USA sold weapons to both Iran and Iraq during war. • IRAN CONTRA DEAL – Ronald Regan loses popular support from American public. IRAQ IRAN WAR 1980-1988

  18. The Enemy of My Enemy is my Friend SADDAM HUSSEIN – Former “friend” and dictator of Iraq. Sworn enemy of the US and the Bush family 1990-2006. DONAL RUMSFELD – Future Secretary of Defense for George W. Bush

  19. The Persian Gulf War • Iraq invaded oil rich Kuwait • “Historically part of Iraq” – Hussein • Wanted access to Persian Gulf • Taking over Kuwait would give Saddam Hussein lots of oil money.

  20. Iraqi Access to Oil

  21. UN Security Council Resolution 682 • Authorized military force against the Iraqis • Goal is to remove Iraqi military from Kuwait and restore that country back to the Kuwaiti people. • This operation to remove the Iraqis would be known as Operation Desert Storm. • Combat with the Iraqi military would be over within 100 hours. • It was the most decisive victory won by the US since World War II. The Persian Gulf War

  22. General Norman Schwarzkopf (Stormin’ Norman)

  23. General Colin Powell

  24. The Oil Fields Burn

  25. Bush & Schwarzkopf

  26. Highway of Death

  27. Outcomes of War • Kuwait freed from Iraqi control • Iraq placed under UN sanctions • No military or weapons • Subject to UN Inspection • No trade.

  28. Keeping an Eye on Saddam

  29. Following the first Gulf War, Iraq was heavily sanctioned by the UN. • Hussein begins huge wave of persecutions against religious minorities in Iraq (Shi’ites and Kurds) • Uses chemical gases kill thousands. • As part of the UN sanctions Iraq would not be allowed to sell oil. • This deal hurt civilians more than Hussein • UN Oil For Food program developed to help Iraqi civilians. Saddam Punishes From Within

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