6 Kingdoms of Life Part 1: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, and Fungi

1. 6 Kingdoms of Life Part 1:Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, and Fungi

2. Characteristics of Living Things • 5 characteristics of living things • Made up of cells • Reproduce • Based on genetic code • Metabolism • Homeostasis • To be considered living, an object MUST have ALL 5 characteristics

3. As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

4. Classification • Scientists have determined seven levels of classification: • Kingdom = Kings • Phylum = Pass • Class = Classes • Order = to Order • Family = Families • Genus = and their Good • Species = Sons around

5. Classification of Modern Humans • Kingdom = Animalia • Phylum = Chordata • Class = Mammalia • Order = Primates • Family = Hominidae • Genus = Homo • Species = sapiens

6. The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: • 1. Cell Type • 2. Cell Number • 3. Feeding Type

7. 1st Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Type Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

8. Prokaryotes 6 kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Eukaryotes

9. Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae 2nd Criterion for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number • Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

10. Multicellular • Unicellular

11. Autotroph or Producer • Make their own energy source 3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Feeding Type • Heterotroph or Consumer • Must eat other organisms to survive • Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

12. Archaebacteria and EubacteriaKingdoms

13. Bacteria Microbiology- the study of very small, microscopic organisms • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Protists • Etc.

14. Bacteria=Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No organelles except Lots of organelles ribosomes INCLUDING NUCLEUS NO NUCLEUS

15. Prokaryotic History • Oldest organisms: 3.5 billion yrs. old. • Live in almost every environment.

16. Eubacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Common environments • Believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts---organelles in eukaryotic cells

17. Archaebacteria • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Found in extreme environments-extremophiles • Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells

18. Characteristics-Size • Size • Red blood cell is 250X’s larger than a bacterium • 1 gram of soil can contain 2.5 BILLION bacteria • Relative bacteria size

19. Characteristics-Shapes • Shapes: • Cocci- round • Bacilli- rod-shaped • Spirilla- spiral

20. Prokaryotic Structure • Interior structures • Has DNA and cytoplasm—no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles EXCEPT ribosomes • Ribosomes- the protein making factories of all cells

21. Prokaryotic Structure • Exterior structures • Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion • Cell membrane to control what goes in and out • Cell wall for protection

22. 2 Types of Cell Walls • 2 types of cell walls found in bacteria • Identified as Gram + or Gram – • There’s a chemical difference b/t them.

23. Gram staining • Special staining process • “Gram positive is purple; Gram negative is not.”

24. 2 Types of Cell Walls • Gram + • Thick cell wall • Holds purple stain, so cells look purple • Gram - • Two thin layers make up cell wall • Doesn’t hold purple stain so appears pink

25. 2 Types of Cell Walls • Treatment of illness due to these bacteria is different! • Gram - : bacteria that stain pink and are generally NOT affected by antibiotics • i.e. E. coli • Gram +: bacteria that stain purple do to a thick cell wall and are affected by antibiotics • i.e. S. pneumoniae

26. Prokaryotic Reproduction • Binary fission- process of asexual reproduction where 1 becomes 2. • Results in clones • Colony- 1000’s of bacteria that result from one undergoing binary fission

27. How are prokaryotes so diverse? • They have several ways of exchanging genetic info • Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube called a pilus • Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.

28. Useful Prokaryotes • Decomposers- Recycle nutrients such as CO2 , water, nitrogen, and phosphorus

29. Useful Prokaryotes YUMMY! • Nitrogen fixation- soil bacteria take nitrogen gas from the air (N2) and change it into a useable form that plants can absorb (NH3-ammonia.) • Plants use the nitrogen to produce their proteins and DNA. • Some bacteria are photosynthetic and also provide oxygen N2 Bacteria NH3

30. Useful Prokaryotes • Food-- yogurt, olives, pickles, chocolate • Drugs -- insulin production • Clean up oil spills • Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own • Microbe Discovery Movie

31. Harmful Prokaryotes • Pathogen- disease causing organisms. • Pathologists -scientists who study pathogens. • Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%! • Disease Transmission: a.) Water b.) Air c.) Food d.) Animals/Insects e.) Human Contact

32. Prokaryotic Diseases • Tuberculosis • Syphilis • Bubonic Plague • Typhus • Tetanus • Lyme Disease

33. Controlling Prokaryotic Growth • What do bacteria require to live and reproduce? - Food, water, and the right climate. -Give bacteria these things, and they grow; remove them and they don’t.

34. Nutrition and Energy • How do bacteria “eat”? • 1.) Autotrophic- “self-feeders” • Photosynthetic- MAKE energy source and release oxygen • Can also be chemosynthetic • 2.) Heterotrophic- “other-feeders” • GET energy source outside themselves • Consumers • Decomposers • Parasites

35. Feeding Prokaryotes in the Lab • Plastic Petri dishes have a Jell-O like substance called AGAR with nutrients and water for bacteria to grow on.

36. GROWTH CURVE

37. Controlling Prokaryotic Growth • Antibiotics • Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants • Freezing • Cooking • Pasteurizing • Dehydrating • Vaccination

38. Antibiotics • Alexander Fleming • Mold on his Petri dish had a zone of inhibition- area in which bacteria didn’t grow. • Mold released the antibiotic penicillin • Antibiotic=against life; any substance produced by a microbe that slows the growth of other microorganisms. BACTERIA MOLD

39. Antibiotics • Antibiotics are made by : • Fungus (mold) • Other bacteria, the most common Streptomyces. • Present day antibiotics are synthetic modifications of naturally occurring ones. • Work well on Gram + bacteria • NOT the same thing as aspirin or tylenol, which are pain killers BACTERIA Each paper disk has antibiotics on it. Which antibiotic is more powerful?

40. Antibiotic Resistance • Antibiotic resistance- some bacteria are not affected by certain antibiotics! • Can be resistant due to: • Special cell walls (i.e. Gram – bacteria) OR • Special antibiotic resistant genes • Don’t finish antibiotics: • Weaker bacteria destroyed. • **Resistant bacteria still live and pass on resistant genes through binary fission, conjugation and transformation • Conjugation animation Movie

41. Sanitizing • Antiseptics- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on living tissues • Disinfectants- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on NON-living things.

42. Freezing • How would this control the growth of bacteria? • Would freezing kill all the bacteria?

43. Cooking • Cooking can control bacterial growth and kill most bacteria if heated to certain temps—165F or hotter. • Use a meat thermometer • Wash hands after handling raw meat

44. Pasteurizing • Pasteurization- using heat to kill bacteria in liquids.

45. Dehydrating • Dehydration- removal of water from a substance • How would this control the growth of bacteria?

46. Vaccination • Vaccination- a shot, pill, or mist that prevents you from getting a disease. DOES NOT CURE YOU. • Fast and strong immune system memory cells produced which provides immunity just like if you got the disease (i.e. tetanus.)

47. Vaccination • Can use weakened (attenuated) bacteria or viruses • MOSTLY use parts of bacteria or viruses—acellular • Vaccine video

49. Protist Kingdom

50. Kingdom Protista