Berlin

1. Berlin

3. Early history as a village growing into a city • It was the end of the 12th century and the twin cities, Cölln and Berlin , had united into one city. Before that, they were two merchant settlements that were located on both sides of the Spree River . • 1280, Berlin gets a new seal depicting two bears • 1307, Cölln and Berlin had formed a union in order to protect and expand their rights. • 1360, Berlin-Cölln becomes a member of the Hanseatic League of which was to permit the development of wide-ranging trade relations, but Berlin-Cölln had no voice in the League. • 1400, Berlin and Cölln have roughly 8,500 inhabitants and 1,100 buildings. • 1518, Berlin-Cölln gives up its membership in the Hanseatic League . • Fun Facts: • In Latin, Berlin ’s name is recorded as “Berolina”. • Most written records of Cölln and Berlin were damaged in 1380 due to the great town center fire, also by the devastations wrought by the Thirty Year War and further war destructions. 

5. Role as a capital of Prussia and Germany • Frederick I • In 1701 after the coronation of Frederick I (Frederick III) king in Prussia or also the King of Prussia he went by the name Frederick I king In Prussia as a way not to offended Poland and emperor Leopold I .Berlin became the capital of the kingdom of Prussia. • During his reign Freidrichtadt, Dorotheenstadt, Freidrichswerder, Colln and Berlin were united under the royal capital • Frederick the II • Also know as Frederick the Great (1740-1786) became king He introduced the enlightenment to Berlin .He was a philosophical believer and believed in the enlightenment .Under his rule education and the arts flourished in Germany and Berlin. • He also abolished torture, and did not allow the crown to interfere with justice,He also promoted an advanced secondary education. The Prussian education system was copied by many countries • 18th Century • During the seven years war the 1st war that involved the great world powers of the time, Berlin was taken and occupied by the Russians forces that then eventually left. • During the 18th century of Prussia’s golden age was diminishing and by the 19th century Prussia’s golden age had ended. • In 1806 Napoleon and his forces took occupied Berlin until 1808. One year later election for parliament was held. • During the Napoleonic war Prussia joined France and then later after napoleon’s army was defeated in Russia Prussia nullified it alliance with France. • 1815 Prussia became part of the German Confederation. • During this time Berlin University was founded.

6. 19th century • Liberals and conservatives argued about how the government should be set up. • The liberals wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution • While the conservatives wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states • There was also another group who had an idea for how the government should be set up that was called • Burschenschaft student movement was started by students who wanted to use a black red and gold flag, unify Germany as a nation and have a progressive, liberal political system • In the 1820s because of Prussia's size and economic importance, smaller states began to join its free trade area. • Berlin’s population increased dramatically during the industrial revolution the economy also expanded dramatically cause Berlin to be Germany’s center of the economy. • Other suburbs near Berlin developed and were soon added to Berlin (Wedding, Moabit) • In 1871 Berlin became the capital of o The German Empire.

9. Destruction in WW2 • Allied powers started bombing Berlin in 1939-1945 • During the war large parts of Berlin were destroyed due the frequent air raids and the battle of Berlin. • Before the war ended more than 1/3 of Berlin had been destroyed by air raids and or battles on the streets. • 152,000 civilians lost their lives. • The soviets surrounded Berlin and took over. • During the Russian take over of Berlin the soviets lost 305,000 the Germans lost 325,000 including civilians.

11. Place in history as the divided city after WW2—it’s place in the “Cold War” How did the cold war effect Berlin ? • The Cold war led the division of Berlin East and West. It led to the  Berlin Blockade and airlift of 1948-49 and later to the construction of the Wall. Resulting in West Berliners being completely cut off from the surrounding countryside. During the Cold war Berlin became a kind of frontline city. •             The Berlin aircraft contributed to the Cold War by delivering tons of food and supplies to Berlin , which was surrounded by the Soviet territory. Its contribution to the Cold War is that it showed the Russians that the British and Americans would not allow the to dominate Europe in the way they wanted to.

12. 4 zones of occupation in Berlin

13. Fame of the Berlin Wall, Checkpoint Charlie, the Brandenburg Gate •  Berlin Wall • Life in the West was much better than in the East after 1948. West Germany including West Berlin had got financial help through the Marshall plan from the USA. In East Germany a communist system was established and many suffered under repressions of the Communist party. • In May 1952 the open border between East and West Germany was closed by the East German government.  In the years after it became more difficult and dangerous to escape to the West over this border.  However, the sectional borders between East and West Berlin were not closed. • Many East German citizens went to East Berlin and from there to West Berlin. Once they arrived in West Berlin they stayed there or fled to West Germany.  Prior to the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans had avoided Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions by using Berlin to escape into West GermanyThe East German government saw no other way to prevent escapes to the West via Berlin than closing the border between East and West Berlin.  In August of 1961, the Berlin Wall was built.  The wall became a symbol of the Cold War and Soviet oppression. • The wall was torn down in 1989, marking the end of the Cold War.

14. Checkpoint Charlie • Shortly after the Berlin Wall was built, President John F. Kennedy ordered U.S. forces to build three checkpoints at different points in the wall through which diplomatic corps and allied forces could enter West Berlin. • Checkpoint Charlie became the most famous.  By 1962, this checkpoint was the only place at which foreigners visiting Berlin could cross from West to East and back again. • In the early years, Checkpoint Charlie was the site of a few stand-offs between east and west, America and the Soviets, most notoriously in 1961.  It began on 22 October as a dispute over whether East German guards were authorized to examine the travel documents of a U.S. diplomat passing through to East Berlin. By October 27, 10 Soviet and American tanks stood on either side of the checkpoint. The standoff ended peacefully on October 28. • Checkpoint Charlie was removed in June of 1990, when German reunification was finally complete and nearly a year after the Wall came down.  There is a replica of the Checkpoint Charlie booth and sign at the original site. The original booth is in the Allied Museum in Zehlendorf.

15. Brandenburg Gate • modern gate • The Brandenburg Gate consists of twelve Doric columns, six to each side, forming five passageways.   Atop the gate is the Quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses driven by Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. • The Brandenburg Gate was commissioned by King Frederick William II of Prussia as a sign of peace and built by Karl Gotthard Langhans from 1788 to 1791.  After Napoleon defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, he took the Quadriga back to Paris. • After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel, the Quadriga was restored to Berlin and Victoria's wreath of oak leaves was supplemented with a new symbol of Prussian power, the Iron Cross. • When the Nazis ascended to power they used the Gate as a party symbol. The Gate survived World War II and was one of the few structures standing in the Pariser Platz ruins. Following Germany's surrender and the end of the war, the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it in a joint effort. • Vehicles and pedestrians could again travel freely through the gate, until August 1961 when the Berlin Wall was erected, cutting off access to the Gate for both east and west Berlin, until the wall's demolition in 1989.

18. World position •     - Where does Berlin fit into the world scene after being so prevalent in history? •     - Superpower? Or Not? •     - Reaching Normalization

19. Population • - 12% Decrease Since Fall of Wall •     - Decrease in Birthrate, and Women Between 20 and 30 •     - Decrease in Jobs, and Increase in Youth Moving for Education •     - Demolition of Housing

20. Reconstruction •   -Mainly in East Berlin •     - Museuminsel (Museum Island) •     - Reichstag Building (New Seat of German Parliament) •     -The Neues Museum ( The New Museum)    •     - Orianienburger Strasse (Sculpture Garden) •     - Palace of the Republic •     - Architecture Competition •     - Traditional vs. Modern

22. November 9th • November 9th is the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall . This event is called the Festival Of Freedom. • During this event 1,000 foam “dominos” over 8 feet tall will be placed along the wall’s original path and then knocked down. • “All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin. And therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words: Ich bin ein Berliner!”

23. Sources • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate • http://www.aviewoncities.com/berlin/checkpointcharlie.htm • http://www.dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/index.htm • http://www.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/printthis.cfm?fuseaction=units.details&thisunit=1&page=2 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Berlin • http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/handelsstadt.en.html • http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/the_wall/berlin • http://www.europe-cities.com/en/700/germany/berlin/history/period8/ • http://www.europe-cities.com/en/696/germany/berlin/history/period4/?page=2 • http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/berlin.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin • http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~danielcollier/germanempire1871.jpg • http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/mout/WWII_MOUT_BerlinAug45.jpg