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History and Structure

Chapter 5. History and Structure. Policing:. English Policing. American policing is based on English roots. English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”. England. Frankpledge 9th-10th Century mutual pledge system. England. mutual pledge system

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History and Structure

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  1. Chapter 5 History and Structure Policing:

  2. English Policing • American policing is based on English roots. • English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”

  3. England • Frankpledge • 9th-10th Century • mutual pledge system

  4. England • mutual pledge system • tithing- group of ten (10) families • tithing man - leader or chief of tithing

  5. England • Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families chief constable - head of the hundred

  6. England • Constable: • considered the first real police officer • appointed by local nobleman • in charge of weapons for the hundred • COP = Constable on Patrol

  7. Shire • A geographic area equivalent to our county. • Hundreds were grouped into Shires. • England was divided into 52 Shires. • Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.

  8. England • 1272-1307 • set up curfew and night watch program • bailiffs - night watchmen to enforce curfew • watch and ward

  9. Watch and Ward • The name given to first night watch in cities and towns. • They operated from sundown to sunrise. • They protected property against fire. • They guarded the gates of city. • They arrested those who committed offenses.

  10. Statute of Winchester-1285 • It created the watch and ward in cities and towns. • It drafted eligible males to serve. • It institutionalized the “hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons in order to answer the call to arms.

  11. England - 1750 • The Industrial Revolution brought many new people to the big cities. • Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities. • Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.

  12. BowStreetRunners • established 1750 • patrolled streets and highways leading to London • Sir Henry Fielding - one of the founders • first real detective unit

  13. London Metropolitan Police • 1829 - Parliament passed bill - creates London police • Sir Robert Peel - Home Secretary • 1,000 officers called bobbies • uniformed • structured along military lines

  14. American Law Enforcement • Colonists brought systems from Europe when they emigrated to colonies. • The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the counties. • The constable was responsible for law enforcement in towns. • Before the Revolution, both were appointed by Crown.

  15. American Frontier • vast and wild until late 19th century • natural haven for outlaws and bandits • citizen posses and vigilantes - the law

  16. Policing America’s Cities • 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to initiate a police force. • 1844 - New York is the first to establish a unified day/night police force. • 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force. • 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.

  17. AmericanPolicing 1920-1933 This was the Era of Prohibition and widespread corruption of police.

  18. AmericanPolicing 1960’s-1970’s Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.

  19. AmericanPolicing Three Levels ( jurisdictions) • federal • state • local

  20. Federal Law Enforcement • 1789 • first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service • patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue

  21. Federal Law Enforcement • 21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies

  22. Other Federal Agencies • 1789 - U.S. Marshals • 1862 - Internal Revenue Service • 1865 - Secret Service • 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization • 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930

  23. Other Federal Agencies 1914 The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.

  24. Federal Bureau of Investigation • 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover is appointed Director. • 1924 - Identification Division is created to collect fingerprint files. • 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting data for Uniformed Crime Report publication. • 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.

  25. 1835Texas Rangers: They are believed to be the first state police force. Military unit is responsible for border patrol. They apprehend Mexican cattle rustlers. State Law Enforcement

  26. Local Agencies-Municipal • approx. 13,580 different departments • approx. 420,000 sworn police officers • approx. 100,000 civilian employees • largest - New York - approx. 36,813 police officers • smallest – 3,409 departments with 1 sworn police officer or only part- time officers

  27. Local Agencies-County • approx. 3,100 sheriff departments • approx. 155,000 full-time officers • approx. 89,000 civilian employees • largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees

  28. State Law Enforcement • 49 state police departments • approx. 52,000 full-time state police officers • approx. 26,000 civilian employees • major role - control traffic on highway system

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