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Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe. Ms. Sheets AP World History. Overview. Two major Christian civilizations develop East and West Each developed close relations with Islamic world Each play major roles in trade (N/S, not E/W)

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Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

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  1. Chapter 9:Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Ms. Sheets AP World History

  2. Overview • Two major Christian civilizations develop • East and West • Each developed close relations with Islamic world • Each play major roles in trade (N/S, not E/W) • Civilizations spread north because of missionaries • Religions are culturally, even organizationally, separate

  3. The Byzantine Empire: Introductions • Maintained high levels of political, economic, and cultural activity during much of 500-1450 • Controlled territory in Balkans, northern Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean • Rulers saw themselves as Roman emperors • Government in many ways is continuation of eastern portion of Roman Empire

  4. The Byzantine Empire: Introductions • Constantinople = capital, is cosmopolitan, opulent, and most important city in Europe • Practice Orthodox Christianity (will become dominate throughout most of Eastern Europe) • Spreads culture, religion, and politics to parts of the world that had not previously been controlled by any major civ • Balkans, western Russia

  5. The Byzantine Empire: Origins of the Empire • Emperor Constantine of Roman Empire • Built Constantinople in 4th c. CE as capital • Thriving city, fend off Mongol invasions • Empire divided into East/West- end of 4th c. • Capitals at Rome, Constantinople • Political style in East: complex administration around emperor, elaborate ceremonies • Justinian makes Greek language official, 6th c. • Greek = read freely classical texts • Latin becomes inferior, barbaric • Involved in Mediterranean commerce

  6. The Byzantine Empire: Justinian’s Achievements • Justinian – 527-565 (wife Theodora) • Military gains and great expansion • Wanted to capture old Roman Empire itself • Belisarius, brilliant general • Gains in North Africa and Italy • Temporary capital at Ravenna, artistic center • Lost Italy: unable to withstand Germanic pressure • Systemizes Roman legal code • Influences future law codes in Europe • Reduces confusion, united and organized the new empire • Building Projects to Rebuild Constantinople • Hagia Sophia – engineering and architectural achievements (dome) • Slavs, Persians attack from East

  7. The Byzantine Empire: Justinian’s Achievements • Map of byzantine empire under Justinian

  8. The Byzantine Empire: Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses • Constant external threats • Justinian’s successors’ primary concern is defense against Slavs, Russians, and Arab invaders • Able to hold off Arab Muslims from the east but with massive losses in Mediterranean provinces • Arab naval fleet; battle over Mediterranean • “Greek fire” • Empire’s size/strength reduced • Economic burdens from wars with Muslins • Increase in taxes; increase in wealth for upper class • Weak emperors • Bulgars from Bulgaria • Press onto Byzantine territory, some marriage alliances • Defeated by Basil II, 1014, and Bulgaria becomes part of empire

  9. The Byzantine Empire: Byzantine Society and Politics • Emperors resemble Chinese rulers • Center of elaborate court rituals: divinely inspired, all powerful ruler • Ordained by God • Head of church and state • Women could (and did) serve as emperor despite patriarchal society • Empresses Theodora and Zoë (sisters) • Sophisticated bureaucracy • Open to all classes (but aristocrats dominate) and highly educated • Organize empire militarily, socially, economically • Provincial governors appointed • Economic control • Regulation of food prices, trade, and silk production • Trade network • Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa

  10. The Byzantine Empire: Byzantine Society and Politics • Arts • Creativity in Architecture (domed buildings) • Richly colored religious mosaics • Icon paintings – paintings of saints and other religious figures • Distinct Byzantine style • Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity

  11. The Byzantine Empire: The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • Separate paths emerge starting in 11th c. • Disagreements about Christian doctrine and policy • Papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs • Clerical celibacy (W – yes, E – no) • Dispute over the type of bread to be used in religious ceremonies • Byzantine state controlled church in the eastern lands • West translate Greek Bible into Latin • Patriarch Michael attacks Catholic practice in 1054 (bread, celibacy) • Mutual excommunication • Church splits into two traditions • Western (Roman Catholic) • Eastern (Orthodox)

  12. The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline • Period of decline from 11th century after church schism • Able to survive by careful diplomacy but there are still problems • Seljuk Turks take most of Asian provinces in 1071 at Manzikert • Slavic states emerge which diminish Byzantine power • Appeal to West for help against Turks brings Crusaders but no help • 1204, Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople but West is not powerful enough to hold on • 1453, Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks, and by 1461 empire gone

  13. The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline • Who contributed to destruction of Byzantine Empire? • Seljuk Turks • independent Slavic states in the Balkans (Bulgaria and Serbia) • Western crusaders and Roman Catholic Church • Italian trading city-states (Venice and Genoa) • Byzantium important because they maintained a strong empire even amid rapid surge of Islam, as well as cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity

  14. The Byzantine Empire (1000-1100) Byzantine Empire went from a major to minor power after the Turkish defeat at Manzikert in 1071

  15. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Influence through Byzantine conquest, Christian missionaries and conversion, new trade routes • Christian missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) helped bring Orthodoxy northward into Russia and the Balkans • Create new alphabet: Cyrillic script • Possibility of literature and literacy developed in eastern Europe

  16. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The East Central Borderlands • The East Central Borderlands • Competition from Catholics and Orthodox Greeks for converts • Those who become Catholic are largely in Hungary, Poland • Regional monarchies prevail • Influx of Jews to Borderlands from W Europe and Middle East due to persecution • Migrate into region in large numbers (Poland = greatest number) • Value education and literacy with Jewish culture • Gain strength in local commerce • Resented by Christian community

  17. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of KievanRus’ • Slavs from Asia moved into region during Roman Empire • Mix with earlier populations • Iron working, agricultural society of family tribes, and villages • Eventually, develop loose kingdoms • Animist religion (sun, thunder, wind, fire) • 6th, 7th centuries • Scandinavian merchants • Trade between Byzantines and the North (Scandinavia) • Luxury products from Silk Roads traded for furs from North • 855, trading city (Kiev) become site of monarchy under Rurik, first Prince of KievanRus’, principality

  18. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of KievanRus’ • Vladimir I (980-1015) • Ponders religious choices • Converts to Orthodoxy, 1000, on behalf of all his people • Organizes mass baptisms, forcing conversions with military pressure • Controls church and creates literate Russian priesthood • Develops own Russian Orthodox Church • Yaroslav (1019-1054) • Issues unifying law code • Translates religious literature from Greek to Slavic • KievanRus’ forms core of Russian culture and politics • Largest single state in Europe

  19. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of KievanRus’ East European kingdoms and Slavic expansion, 1000

  20. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: Institutions and Culture in KievanRus’ • Russian culture borrowed much from Byzantium • Russian bureaucracy and education were not as developed • Attracted to ceremony and luxury of Byzantium • Generally peaceful and trade-oriented relationship between Byzantium and KievanRus’ • Orthodox influence • Ornate churches, filled with icons and incense • Monasticism develops, stress prayer and charity • Fervent religious devotion • Art (icons, illuminated manuscripts), literature (using Cyrillic) dominated by religion, royalty • No philosophy or science • Free farmers and aristocratic landowners • Boyars, landlords and Russian nobility, less powerful than in West

  21. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: Kievan Decline • Decline from 12th century • Regional princes set up rival governments • Succession struggles within royal family • Asian conquerors and invaders chip away at territory • Fall of Byzantium reduces Russian trade and wealth • Mongols (called Tartars in Russian) invade • 13th century, take territory and major cities easily • Mongols are aided by rival princes • Control much of Russia for over two centuries

  22. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The End of an Era in Eastern Europe • Fall of Byzantine empire and Mongol invasions end this period of Russian history • Key features of Kievan social structure disappear • Orthodox Christianity and lively artistic culture remain, however • As result, East and West further separated • East is cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication

  23. Global Connections: Eastern Europe and the World • Byzantine Empire • participated actively in interregional trade • Constantinople: great trading city, connection between East and West (signified by silk trade) • Russia • Dependent of Byzantium as main trading contact with rest of world • When Byzantium declines, and Mongols invade, period of isolation for Russia

  24. Chapter 9 Homework Questions • What were some achievements of Justinian and the Byzantine Empire? • Describe the split between Western and Eastern Christianity? (Great Schism) • What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire? • Describe the emergence of KievanRus and the Russian Orthodox Church. • In what ways was Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity a key event in European history?

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