Overview of Modern Web Architectures, Standards, Security, and Future Directions

1. Overview of Modern Web Architectures, Standards, Security, and Future Directions Dr. Mohammad Iqbal (Thanks to Zhenhua Guo, 2009) 1

2. Outline • Web App Case Study • Modern Web Characteristics • Modern Web Architecture : OpenSocial • Architecture • Components • Security • Background • Authorization • Out of Scope: Authentication • Future Directions 2

3. Your current status Friends Activities of your friends photos Video Comment, Rate Aggregationwith Picasa Chat groups More apps! Modern Web App Case Study : Facebook • Facebook • More than 200 million active users • MS paid $240 million for 1.6 percent 3

4. Provider-defined directory Previous Web App Case Study : Yahoo! Directory 4

5. Examples of two “versions” of web apps 5

6. Web 2.0 • “Second generation of web development and web design” • Web 2.0 vs. Web 1.0 • Technical point of view • Similar technologies as Web 1.0: HTML, Javascript, XML, HTTP, etc. • Web2.0 makes the web programmable • User’s point of view • Read-write collaborative web • Sharing, creation of data • Participatory nature • Blogging, commenting, rating • Cooperate, not control • Facebook interoperates with Google Picasa, Yahoo! Flickr, Blogs, etc • User centric • Web is a platform. Users add content (“value”) 6

7. Web 2.0 • Debate (Buzzword vs. Real progress) is going on, but it has begun to coalesce. • “Web 2.0 Architectures: What entrepreneurs and information architects need to know” • OpenSocial: case study that illustrates or motivates several Web 2.0 topics of discussion. • We will use Open Social to illustrate Web 2.0 architecture

8. OpenSocial • A coherent open architecture designed for social network services and applications. • Common APIs across many websites • REST/RPC protocols – for server-to-server interactions • Javascript APIs – for browser-to-server interactions • Authorization mechanism, Data model … • Usage • Supported by MySpace, Google Orkut, Twitter, LinkedIn, XiaoNei… • Internationalization • Rival: Facebook 8

9. Open Social Javascript API Example Person: ID, NAME, NICKNAME, ADDRESSES, EMAILS, STATUS, MOVIES, MUSIC,FOOD … Activity: TITLE, URL, BODY, PRIORITY … Data Model // Creates a data request object to use for // sending and fetching data from the server. var req = opensocial.newDataRequest(); // Adds an item to fetch data from the server req.add(req.newFetchPersonRequest('OWNER'), “owner”); // Sends a data request to the server req.send(function(data) { owner = dataResponse.get("owner").getData(); }); Fetch profileinformationof owner JavaScript API example AJAX!!! 9

10. Open Social Message Examples Request (HTTP POST) [{"method" :"people.get", "params" :{ "userId" : ["@owner"], "groupId" : "@self", "id" : "owner", "fields" : ["id","name", "thumbnailUrl", "profileUrl", "id", "displayName"]}}] 157 Bytes How about the corresponding representation in XML??? Response JSON [{"id" :"owner", "data" :{ "displayName" : "Guo Zhenhua" "profileUrl" : "/Main#Profile.aspx?uid=3672642670645936703, "id" : "06881043280087178653", "thumbnailUrl": "http://www.orkut.com/img/i_nophoto64.gif", "name" : { "familyName":"Zhenhua", "givenName":"Guo" }, ...... }}] 10

11. JSON Lightweight, Simple Can represent basic data structures (number, string, boolean, object, array) Textual human-readable Easy to generate and manipulate Not extensible, No namespace Hard to represent complex data structures References User-defined type Request message represented in XML <request> <method>people.get</method><params> <userId> <id>@owner</id> </userID> <groupId>@self</groupId> <id>owner</id><fields> <field>id</field> <field>name</field> <field>thumbnailUrl</field> <field>profileUrl</field> <field>id</field> <field>displayName</field> </fields> <params> </request> XML • Extensible • Support namespace • Support representation of complex data structures. • Heavyweight • Slow and verbose 281 Bytes

12. OpenSocial - Architecture Logic level Components • Interface – REST, Javascript APIs • Client – Ajax, Gadget • Message Format – JSON, XML • Security - OAuth • Data Model 12

13. resource verb OpenSocial Interface – REST REST – REpresentational State Transfer • Based on HTTP (client/server + stateless server) • Resource-oriented (resource can be anything) • Each resource is identified by a unique URL • State transition (Link resources together) • Resources have multiple representations (JSON,XML) • Uniform interfaces How to access top ten Twitter topics? * CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete

14. Analysis of REST • Treat the web as a big database of resources • Good for CRUD operations • Constraint • Stateless • HTTP (request-response) • Beyond REST • Stateful applications • Streaming Applications • Workflow Execution • Push-Based systems • Pub-Sub systems 14

15. REST Alternative • SOAP-based WS • SOAP Message format • UDDIService Registration • WSDL Service description interface 1 2 3 4 Publish – Bind – Find • About 60 core ws-* protocols • Designed for server-server interactions • SOAP and WSDL are really complicated • Browser-based apps are second-class citizens. 15

16. AJAX

17. OpenSocial Client Tech – AJAX • Rationale Update sections without refreshing the whole page • More interactive • More responsive • Requires less bandwidth • Asynchronous JavaScript and XML • HTML + CSS  Presentation • DOM  Document model (for dynamic manipulation) • XMLHttpRequest  Asynchronous Communication • JSON/XML  Data exchange format • Javascript  Bring these together 17

18. Data Model

19. OpenSocial - Data Model • Define data models for basic objects in social network • Person • Activity • AppData • Relationships between objects can not be represented. • Friend of a Friend (FOAF) – Based on W3C RDF • XHTML Friends Network (XFN) • Other possible issues • Groups, roles, communities • Strength of relationships • Relationships in which more than two objects are involved • Scalability (in terms of number of friends)

20. Security in OpenSocial 20

21. Beyond Functionalities - Security • Identity • “On the internet, nobody knows you're a dog” • Claimed Identity ≠ Real Identity • Data protection • Who can access your Facebook data? • Increasing risk of identity theft and impersonation. • Favorite color, mother’s maiden name, … • “Friends” and applications have access to this • “Predicting Social Security numbers from public data” • Communication links Messages are passed by intermediary machines • Intermediaries understand your messages? • Intermediaries alter your messages? • Intermediaries forge your messages? Cartoon by Peter Steiner. The New Yorker, July 5, 1993 issue (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20) page 61 21 21

22. SSL/TLS Securer programs + User education Security Requirements (in Web) • Connection level • Confidentiality • Integrity • Non-repudiation • Prevention of replay attack • System Implementation level • Redirect • Session stealing (cookie) • Cross-site scripting, Cross-site request forgery • Architecture level • Authentication • Single Sign-On • Authorization • Delegation 22

23. Challenges • Technical Challenges • Loosely coupled components • No single, isolated trusted base • Domain-specific policies • Separation of security policies and security mechanisms. • Possible solutions • Authentication • Central Authentication Service • Cosign • OpenID • Authorization • Shibboleth • OAuth 23

24. OpenSocial Authorization – OAuth • Motivation • To allow third party apps to access users’ data stored at service provider without requiring username and password. • Solution • Delegated authorization protocol • Light-weight • Explicit user consent • Based on REST • Drawbacks • Vulnerable to session fixation attack (http://oauth.net/advisories/2009-1) • Delegation granularity (Service provider-specific) • Access token expiration and revocation • Resources • http://oauth.net/ 3rd-party App Twitter 24

25. Authentication • OpenSocial does not define authentication mechanism. • Different accounts for different service providers • Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, Orkut, Hi5 … • Same data everywhere • Account linking Linking Disparate Account IDs Across Multiple Systems or Applications Identity Federation => Identity portability 25

26. Authentication – OpenID • Motivation • Provide lightweight authentication service across domains • Solution Users are asked to prove ownership of their OpenID identifiers. • OpenID identifiers are URLs (e.g. http://zhenhua-guo.blogspot.com). • Service provider and identity provider are clearly separated. • Authentication delegation (service provider → identity provider) • Advantages • Cross-domain authentication • Attribute exchange beyond authentication • Single Sign-On • Easy OpenID provider switch • Drawbacks • Phishing attack • Resources • Supported by Facebook, Verisign, Sourceforge, Yahoo, etc. http://fcom.us.es/blogs/nuevafcom/files/2008/09/openid-1.jpg 26

27. OAuth and OpenID • Based on relaxed REST • Use SSL/TLS to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. • Scalability • Vulnerable to • Phishing • Cross-site scripting • Cross-site request forgery 27

28. Conclusions • Adoption of web 2.0 • Services, not packaged software • Open Architecture and Open Standards • Interoperability • Flexibility • Integration • Security • Adoption in scientific communities • Traditional gateways • LEAD, Earth System Grid • Gateways that integrate web 2.0 technologies • myExperiment, SciVee, Sakai • Open Life Science Gateway • PolarGrid Portal

29. Research Opportunities • Social network in scientific communities • Collaboration and Cooperation • Data Integration • Manual integration • Unified specification • Adaptive integration • Security model • Open, Flexible, Scalable, … • Data Mining • Tag, Comment, Email, Blog, …

30. Future Directions • Semantic Web (Web 3.0?) • Machine-readable representations of resources and relationships • Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining • Search Engine • Information search • Recommendation System • Scaling • Question Answering • Information retrieval • Social Network Analysis • Flow pattern recognition • Strength of connections 30

31. My Research • Gadget Layout Management • OAuth implementation • Implement 2-legged OAuth • Integrate 3-legged OAuth • PolarGrid Portal

33. Zhenhua Guo, Raminderjeet Singh, Marlon Pierce Building the PolarGrid Portal Using Web 2.0 and OpenSocial. GCE09 Grid Computing Environments 2009 workshop at SC09

34. Reference Papers • Distributed Systems • Hongbin Liu, Shrideep Pallickara, Geoffrey Fox. Performance of Web Services Security. Proceedings of the 13th Mardi Gras Conference, 2005 • Satoshi Shirasuna, Aleksander Slominski, Liang Fang, Dennis Gannon. Performance comparison of security mechanisms for grid services. Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing, 2004 • Shrideep Pallickara, Marlon E. Pierce, Harshawardhan Gadgil, Geoffrey Fox, Yan Yan, Yi Huang. A Framework for Secure End-to-End Delivery of Messages in Publish/Subscribe Systems. The 7th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing, 2006 • Cesare Pautasso, Olaf Zimmermann, and Frank Leymann. Restful web services vs. "big"' web services: making the right architectural decision. Proceeding of the 17th international Conference on World Wide Web, 2008 • Michael zur Muehlen, Jeffrey V. Nickerson and Keith D. Swenson . Developing web services choreography standards—the case of REST vs. SOAP. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V8S-4CF5FWK-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1058155249&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e9c0b58f44e71de372ea92e94b34f385

35. Reference (cont.) • Authentication • Clifford Neuman, Theodore Ts'o. Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Computer Networks. IEEE Communications, 1994 • John Kohl, B. Clifford Neuman, Theodore T'so. The Evolution of the Kerberos Authentication System. In Distributed Open Systems, pages 78-94. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994 • David Recordon , Drummond Reed. OpenID 2.0: a platform for user-centric identity management. Proceedings of the second ACM workshop on Digital identity management, 2006 • Drummond Reed, Les Chasen, William Tan. OpenID identity discovery with XRI and XRDS. IDtrust, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Vol. 283, pp. 19-25, ACM, 2008

36. Reference (cont.) • Authorization • David Chadwick, Alexander Otenko. The PERMIS X.509 role based privilege management infrastructure. Future Generation Computer Systems, 19(2), pp. 277-289, 2003 • David Chadwick, Gansen Zhao, Sassa Otenko, Romain Laborde, Linying Su, Tuan-Anh Nguyen. PERMIS: a modular authorization infrastructure. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 20(11), pp. 1341-1357, 2008 • Von Welch, Frank Siebenlist, Ian Foster, John Bresnahan, Karl Czajkowski, Jarek Gawor, Carl Kesselman, Sam Meder, Laura Pearlman, Steven Tuecke. Security for Grid Services. Twelfth International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, IEEE Press, 2003 • Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Gene Tsudik, Steven Tuecke. A Security Architecture for Computational Grids. ACM Conference on Computers and Security, pp. 83-91, ACM Press, 1998 • Mary Thompson, William Johnston, Srilekha Mudumbai, Gary Hoo, Keith Jackson, Abdelilah Essiari. Certificate-based Access Control for Widely Distributed Resources. Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Security Symposium (SECURITY-99), pp. 215-228, Usenix Association, 1999 • Anirban Chakrabarti, Anish Damodaran, Subhasis Sengupta. Grid Computing Security: A Taxonomy. IEEE Security & Privacy, 6(1), pp. 44-51, 2008 • Tom Barton, Jim Basney, Tim Freeman, Tom Scavo, Frank Siebenlist, Von Welch, Rachana Ananthakrishnan, Bill Baker, Monte Goode, Kate Keahey.Identity federation and attribute-based authorization through the globus toolkit, Shibboleth, GridShib, and MyProxy. 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop, 2006

37. Reference (cont.) • Ralf Groeper, Christian Grimm, Stefan Piger, Jan Wiebelitz. An Architecture for Authorization in Grids using Shibboleth and VOMS. Euromicro Conference-Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, pp. 367-374, IEEE Computer Society, 2007 • Von Welch, Tom Barton, Kate Keahey, Frank Siebenlist. Attributes, anonymity, and access-shibboleth and globus integration to facilitate grid collaboration. 4th Annual PKI R&D Workshop, 2005 • Laura Pearlman, Von Welch, Ian T. Foster, Carl Kesselman, Steven Tuecke. A Community Authorization Service for Group Collaboration. POLICY, pp. 50-59, IEEE Computer Society, 2002 • Roberto Alfieri, Roberto Cecchini, Vincenzo Ciaschini, Luca dell'Agnello, Ákos Frohner, Alberto Gianoli, Károly Lörentey, Fabio Spataro. VOMS, an Authorization System for Virtual Organizations. European Across Grids Conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2970, pp. 33-40 • Springer, 2003 • Laura Pearlman, Von Welch, Ian T. Foster, Carl Kesselman, Steven Tuecke. A community authorization service for group collaboration. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Workshop on Policies, 2002 • Laura Pearlman, Von Welch, Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Steven Tuecke. The community authorization service: Status and future. Proceedings of Computing in High Energy Physics, 2003

38. Reference (cont.) • Justin Binns, Jonathan DiCarlo, Joseph Insley, Ti Leggett, Cory Lueninghoener, John-Paul Navarro, Michael Papka. Enabling community access to TeraGrid visualization resources. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 19(6), pp. 783-794, 2007 • Jim Basney, Marty Humphrey, Von Welch. The MyProxy online credential repository. Software: Practice and Experience, 2005 • Jason Novotny, Steven Tuecke, Von Welch. An online credential repository for the grid: MyProxy. High Performance Distributed Computing, 2001. Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Symposium • Andreas Pashalidis, Chris Mitchell. A Taxonomy of Single Sign-On Systems. Information Security and Privacy: Australasian Conference, 2003 • Thomas Groß. Security Analysis of the SAML Single Sign-on Browser/Artifact Profile. Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 298-307, IEEE Computer Society, 2003 • Minor (Artificial Intelligence) Related • Patrick Kelley, Paul Drielsma, Norman Sadeh, Lorrie Faith Cranor. User-controllable learning of security and privacy policies. Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Workshop on AISec, pp. 11-18, ACM, 2008 • Guang Xiang, Ge Yu, Xiangli Qu, Xiaomei Dong, Lina Wang. A Hybrid Machine Learning/Statistical Model of Grid Security. Grid and Cooperative Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3251, pp. 348-355, Springer, 2004

39. Reference (cont.) • Specifications • Shibboleth Architecture - Protocols and Profiles • Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security 1.1 (WS-Security 2004) • Security Assertion Markup Language(SAML) V2.0 Technical Overview • Security and Privacy Considerations for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language(SAML) V2.0 • XML Encryption Syntax and Processing • An Internet Attribute Certificate Profile for Authorization (RFC 3281) • Technical Comparison: OpenID and SAML - Draft 06 • OpenID (http://openid.net/developers/specs/) • OAuth 1.0(http://oauth.net/core/1.0/) • Central Authentication Service (http://www.jasig.org/cas/protocol)

40. Questions?