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UN Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. PREAMBLE: Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, . Apartheid South Africa. W.E.B. Du Bois, Co-founder, NAACP.
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UN Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 • PREAMBLE: • Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
A.B. XumaPresident of the African National Congress (ANC), 1940-49
Key Apartheid Legislation • THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. -- 1950
Key Apartheid Legislation • THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. -- 1949
Key Apartheid Legislation • THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. -- 1950
Key Apartheid Legislation • THE PASS LAWS—required black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, known as a dompas, everywhere and at all times. Within the pages of an individual's dompas were his fingerprints, photograph, personal details of employment, permission from the government to be in a particular part of the country, qualifications to work or seek work in the area, and an employer's reports on worker performance and behavior. If the employer, for any reason, refused to endorse the book for the pertinent time period, the worker's right to stay in the area was jeopardized. Without their pass, they were arrested. -- 1952
Apartheid Laws Employment, housing, travel, property ownership, marriage, public facilities
UN Declaration of Human Rights • Article 25. • (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
UN Declaration of Human Rights • Article 26. • (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Education for Africans: Cheap, Unskilled Labor Made Here “If the native in South Africa today . . . is being taught to expect that he will live his adult life under a policy of equal rights, he is making a big mistake . . . There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor." -Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister of Bantu Education
World Bank Loan to South Africa, 1951 1951 Dollars 2011 Dollars • $80 Million • $3.56 Billion
Walter White Executive Secretary, NAACP
Eugene Black President of World Bank, 1949-1962
World Bank Founding Principles iii. . . Assisting in raising productivity, [and] the standard of living and conditions of labor in their territories.
UN Declaration of Human Rights Article 13. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
Banned from Living in the City: Miners Migrating to “Homelands”
