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K. CHANDRA HARI

New Light on. Āryabhat  a. &. Chamravat  t  am. K. CHANDRA HARI. 17 Feb 2011. Dr KV Sarma (1919-2005). I am to gratefully acknowledge the love, affection and inspiration given by Dr KV Sarma and Mrs Lakshmi Sharma.

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K. CHANDRA HARI

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  1. New Light on Āryabhata & Chamravattam K. CHANDRA HARI

  2. 17 Feb 2011

  3. Dr KV Sarma (1919-2005) • I am to gratefully acknowledge the love, affection and inspiration given by Dr KV Sarma and Mrs Lakshmi Sharma. • He was one of the few ‘truly’ qualified people to do work in history of science, especially astronomy and mathematics • Kerala legacy we speak of today could survive only because of his arrival at the right time if not late… • ('Contributions to the study of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy and Mathematics' (1977) )

  4. Kerala legacy of Astronomy & Mathematics • Pre-historic epochs seen recorded in the alpha-numeric chronograms • These chronograms combine both mathematical and astronomical information and attests for an antiquity that finds little support in the known historical details. Most of these chronograms specify a day count, i.e. the kalidinam expired and had implicit in them the epoch of ‘Kaliyugadi’ i.e. midnight /sunrise of 17-18 February – 3101 CE when the siddhāntic planetary means had a computational super-conjunction at 0 degree. Such dates can be traced as far back as 29 April -58 CE, 13 November -26 CE etc. • In the 4th century after Christ, these chronograms make us meet with a legendary astronomer Vararuci and he is succeeded by Aryabhata-I in Kali 3623 (Giritunga)

  5. Epoch of Vararuchi • 20th March 403 CE apogee conjunction of moon can be shown to be the epoch of the Girnasreyadivakyas • Udayagiri epoch of Indian astronomy can be identified as 20 March 402 CE (K3503 i.e. 120 years prior to K3623) • Studies today lack an audience that can understand and appreciate the astronomical evidence • Vararuchi of Kerala known through the Chandravakyas had the epoch of his Vakyas related to the Udayagiri of Chandragupta-II Vikramaditya. • In Kerala, the chronogram yajnasthanamsamrakshyam puts his son’s epoch as 14 Feb 378 CE. • Aryabhata epoch Kali 3623 (elapsed) is 120 years after the Udayagiri epoch

  6. Āryabhata • Āryabhata stands renowned even in modern times for the scientific treatise he presented on Astronomy and Mathematics. • Knowledge that won him praise in Kusumapura in his own life time continues to win him praise even in the 21st century. • Apart from his astronomical and mathematical precepts, his advent is looked upon as a turning point in the history of exact sciences in India. He not only set forth the right background by drawing the best of the scientific tradition that preceded him but also chose to create a break with the paradigm by enunciating such revolutionary principles like the rotation of earth and a wholesome revision of mathematical astronomy based on observations. • We are in dark about his observational innovations as the Āryārdhrātrasiddhānta is lost and is known only through brief extracts in texts like those of Bhāskara-I.

  7. Legacy of Āryabhata • Kerala legacy of Astronomy and Mathematics begins with Aryabhata (522 CE) – ‘practically every astronomical text produced in the land base itself on the teachings of Aryabhata’ Ref: Sarma, KV., Tradition of Aryabhatiya in Kerala, Revision of Planetary Parameters • A vast body of astronomical and mathematical literature in such illustrious names as Bhaskara-I, Haridatta, Madhava, Paramesvara, Nilakantha, Achyuta etc. Modern researchers, Dr. KV Sarma, KuppannaSastri, RC Gupta, KS Shukla, CT Rajagopal etc. • Revision of the older siddhantas was an outcome of the realization of data misfit between prediction and observations of the astronomical phenomena and successive astronomer-mathematicians have been very critical of even the most astute of their predecessors as we see with Brahmagupta and Vatesvara.

  8. Āryabhata, Brahmagupta, Vatesvara • Brahmagupta minced no words to criticize Aryabhata and Vatesvara followed on the lines of the “lotus-born” (Brahmagupta) : • “The longitude of a planet obtained from its forged revolution number cannot be the same as that obtained from its real revolution number…. The revolution number for Mars (for example) may be forged by taking the first four figures as 8522, 0635, 7552 or 9292..” (I:20-22) • and • “On account of forged revolution numbers, forged civil days and forged positions of apogees and due to ignorance of the epicycles, the longitude of the planets disagree with observations and so they are not true”. (I:27) • With Vatesvara airing such criticism on Brahmagupta, one can imagine the plight of the lesser folks if anybody were to forge astronomical works without taking into account the data misfit of his times. (Vatesvarasiddhanta, translated by Prof. KS Shukla)

  9. Controversy about place… • "Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name, he flourished in Kusumapura—near Patalipurta (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty—where he composed at least two works, Aryabhatiya (c. 499) and the now lost Aryabhatasiddhanta. Aryabhatasiddhanta circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sasanian dynasty (224–651) of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of Islamic astronomy. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of Varahamihira (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara I (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598–c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight. Aryabhatiya was particularly popular in South India, where numerous mathematicians over the ensuing millennium wrote commentaries" (sic) (Encyclopedia Brittanica)

  10. Controversy contd. • "A veritable pioneer of Indian Astronomy, Āryabhata is without doubt one of the most original, significant and prolific scholars in the history of Indian science. He was long known by Arabic Muslim scholars as Arjabhad and later in Europe in the middle Ages by the Latinized name of Ardubarius. He lived at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the sixth century CE, in the town of Kusumapura..." (Georges Ifra, The Universal History of Numbers) • "As far as astronomical works are concerned, it seems that the Kerala country was the seat of its development in the South. It is all based on the Āryabhatīya, with or without corrections called the bījas... How Āryabhata came to be connected with the Kerala country is yet to be explained. He is called Aśmaka (i.e. one born in the Āśmaka region) and some say that an early name of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore was Āśmaka (Apte's Dictionary). But many say that the region near the Vindhyās was called the Āśmaka country...“ (TS Kuppanna Sastri)

  11. Āryabhatstvihanigadatikusumapurebhyarcitamjnānam, 'Āryabhatstvihanigadatikusumapureƒbhyasitamjnānam‘ • "...scholars have thought for a long time that Āryabhata was either born in Kusumapura or lived and taught in that great city of ancient India. Such a view now appears untenable in the light of recent studies on the works of Bhaskara-I and his commentators and also of the medieval commentators of Āryabhata. In these works, Āryabhata is frequently referred to as an aśmaka, that is one belonging to the Aśmaka country which is the name of a country in the south, possibly Kerala....the fact that commentaries of and works based on Āryabhatīya have come largely from South India, from Kerala in particular certainly constitute a strong argument in fvaour of Kerala being the main place of his life and activity" • ('A Concise History of Science in India‘, INSA) • SB Dikshit to Dr KV Sarma (1977/2001)

  12. (Dr KV Sarma, IJHS,2001)

  13. Astronomical Evidence • Conflict of the latitude of Ujjayinī • Verse spells out that on the prime meridian, Ujjayinī is located at one-sixteenth of the earth's circumference North of Laňkā and thus the latitude of Ujjayinī turns out to be 3600/16 = 220N30'. • "...This makes the latitude of Ujjayinī equal to 22030'N. This is in agreement with the teachings of the earlier followers of Āryabhata, such as Bhāskara-I (AD 629), Deva (AD 689) and Lalla and the interpretations of the commentators Someśvara, Sūryadeva (b. AD 1191) and Parameśvara (AD 1431). Even the celebrated Bhāskara-II (AD1150) has chosen to adopt it. • Brahmagupta (AD628) differed from this view. He takes Ujjayinī at a distance of one-fifteenth of the earth's circumference from Laňkā and the likewise the latitude of Ujjayinī as equal to 240N

  14. Āryabhata gave the latitude of Ujjayinī as 3600/16 North of Laňka and it had acceptance among only his followers. • Brahmagupta and a host of others like Varāhamihira did not agree with Āryabhata and had given rise to an alternate school of thought and tradition. • Bhāskara-II apparently had agreement with Āryabhata but some followers of Āryabhata like Sūryadeva could not find any rationale underlying the Āryabhata's notion and they did tacitly accept Brahmagupta as correct. • Apart from what Shukla and Sarma have discussed, we can see that the Sūryasiddhānta also did not agree with Āryabhata in the matter. • Shukla has quoted Nīlkantha who has tried to explain the conflict by crediting Āryabhata’s reference of 220N30’ to a different Janapada at that latitude. But this is not correct as any reference to Ujjayinī in ancient texts obviously hinted at the location of Mahākāleśvar temple whose latitude according to modern determination is 230N13’.

  15. Kusumapura (25N35, 85E15) vs. Ujjayini • In any country places falling on the tropic of cancer is well known to astronomers. How could Aryabhata miss it had he been living beyond the tropic of cancer but close by? • Can Aryabhata at 25N35 be unaware of the intersection of the prime meridian and the tropic of cancer (240)? • How can Aryabhata at Kusumapura (25.5N) place Ujjayini at 22.5N with Palabha = 5? • Kusumapura was 87 yojanas (9.50) east of the prime meridian. How can he produce a treatise without the mention of Desantara? • Can a treatise as accurate as Aryabhatiya be created in Kusumapura (25.5N, 9.5E of Ujjayini) without Desantara and Udayantara?

  16. Indications of Āryabhatīyam • Two traditions of equatorial circumference of earth (C0) and latitude of Ujjayinī 2. Āryabhata tradition gives the least value of C0 = 3299 and  of Ujjayinī as 360/16 =22.50. 3. Brahmagupta tradition gives C0 5000Y and  of Ujjayinī as 360/15 =240. 4. Least values of C0 and C suggest that the tradition evolved at low  as C-Co increased with increase of . 5. Ujjayinī was unknown to Āryabhata and thus gave the  = 22.5 at Palabha = 5.

  17. Earth’s Circumference as in Suryasiddhanta Moon’s horizontal parallax (Angle subtended by earth’s radius of 800Y at the centre of moon) in SS is 53’20”. Sine  =  when  is small and radius of the moon’s orbit is obtained as 51570Y. Moon’s orbit will be 324000 Y. Basic definition is Moon’s orbit of 21600 minutes of arc in Yojanas. Suryasiddhanta takes 1 arc min = 15 Yojanas. Same in Ardharatra paksha.

  18. Orbital Dimensions in Āryabhatiya Moon’s horizontal parallax (Angle subtended by earth’s radius of 525Y at the centre of moon) in SS is 52.5’. Radius of the moon’s orbit is obtained as 34380Y. Moon’s orbit will be 216000 Y. Basic definition is Moon’s orbit of 21600 minutes of arc in Yojanas. Aryabhatiya takes 1 arc min = 10 Yojanas.

  19. Impossible Equivalence with Modern

  20. Place of Āryabhata Evidence of Spashta-bhūparidhi Spashta bhūparidhi = Bhūmadhyaparidhi* Cos  C0 = 3299, Interger Yojanas per degree of longitude at  demands C = 3240 = 360*9and C = C0* Cos  where  is latitude and C isearth’scircumference  = ACOS(C0/C). i.e.  = 10N51

  21. Historical Values of C0 & Derivation of 

  22. Camravttam:10N51 Latitude 10 N51 of Kerala marks the place where the Ujjayinī meridian (75E45) intercepts the west coast. Aśmaka was the Jain Country surrounding Śravanabelgola (12N50) and the place received its name from the stone monoliths out of which the great statues got carved in later times. Camravattam having the ancient Jain temple of Bāhubali is close to the ancient port and one-time Cera capital, Ponnāni. It is also very close to Tirunāvāya, place of the Mahāmaghā congregation in ancient times.

  23. Chamravattom, close to the illustrious Ponnani is a village located 11 km away from Tirur. This serene village is on the shores of the river Bharata_puzha CHAMRAVATTAM near PONNANI 10° 49′ 7.99″ N,  75° 57′ 10.01″ E

  24. What is special about this place? • 5 Mistakes of Computational Rules • Arkāgrā, verse 31 of Goḷa which stipulates the condition for samamaṇḍalaśaňku • Earth’s diameter and circumference • Erroneous use of Rversed sine (verses 35, 36 and 45 of Āryabhaṭīya) • Precept on the visibility of Agastya • Modification of the revolutions of Moon’s Nodes

  25. Chamravattam Attests the Truth… • It stands scientifically established that the alleged mistakes were in fact observational truths locally at his place of observation – banks of Nila at 10N51, 75E45. • Bhaskara’s reference to Asmaka as his place originated from the fact that he was a Jain and Chamravattam and the river Bharata_puzha were part of the Jain country in his days. • Chamravattam is named after the Jain muni Sabara and Bharata_puzha after the Jain King Bharata famous as Bharatesvara.

  26. Vindhya_giri Hill

  27. AŚMAKA – Hard Stone12N51, 76E30 Asmaka received its name from the stone monolith of Sravanabelgola out of which the statue of Gomatesvara got carved out.

  28. Current Science Journal: 25 December 2007

  29. Evidence of Arkāgra Verse 30 & 31 of Gola, Āryabhatīyam Amplitude of the Rising Sun: Distance of the rising or Setting sun from the East-West line

  30. Evidence of Arkāgra Verse 30 of Gola, Āryabhatīyam Rsinλ*Rsin/Rcos = Agra = , where  is the latitude of the place and  shall be used to denote agra in the following discussion. Verse 31, Gola: "When that (agra) is less than the Rsine of the latitude in the northern hemisphere, s… Rsine h = *Rcos/Rsin =  / Rtan 

  31. Criticism of Brahmagupta "The statement (of Āryabhata) that the sun, in the northern hemisphere, enters prime vertical when the (sun's) agra is less than the Rsine of the latitude is incorrect, because this happens when the Rsine of the sun's declination satisfies this condition (and not the sun's agra)" In modern terms, the prime vertical altitude 'h' is Sin h = Sin δ / Cos  where δ is the declination of sun and  is the latitude. Declination δ has to be more than  for the altitude h to be positive and the fact could have been obvious to a mathematician who is rightly believed to be the originator of the modern trigonometric functions.

  32. Observation that shaped the precept

  33. Arkāgra: Cut off  =  =  at  =10N51 When  = 0, Agra or Amplitude is 0 and when  > , sun cannot cross PV. In the precept Agra comes into picture as an observation in south latitudes where  =  = Agrā for low  values like 10N51, the location of Āryabhata At lower latitudes (Rsin agrā - Rsin) and (Agrā-δ) tend to be lower.  of Kerala 8.5 to 12.5, (δ – agrā) ~ 0.250. At 10.85

  34. Carakhandas at Palabhā 1:  = 4.775 Āryabhata’s Ujjayinī of Palabhā = 5 and  = 22.5 is a hypothetical place or there is a latitude error of 1.50 and Palabhā error of 20 Vyaňgulas. How the Āryabhata tradition as seen in Mahābhāskarīya III.8 is able to spell out the Carakhandas at Palabhā =1?  = 4.775 is in the sea and Carakhandas at Palabhā =1 is unlikely to be derived from those of Palabhās = 5 or 6?

  35. Values of Āryabhata tradition

  36. Evidence of Ancient ShadowFloor at  = 9.46

  37. Egg Shaped Shadow Floor:Palāňgulam =2

  38. Chengannur & Camravattam 1 - 2 = (10N51 – 09N30) = 01020’ Palabhā1- Palabhā2 = 0.3 = 18 Vyaňgulas, combined with 1 - 2 = 01020’ gives the value of Palabhā = 5 at  = 22.5. i.e. (22.5/1.33)*18=303  5 Angulam Carakhandas fixed at this place of Palabhā = 2 formed the basis of the formula that we see in Mahābhāskarīya III.8

  39. Evidence of Eclipses Eclipse observations give critical evidence that supports Āryabhata’s drastic modifications of the revolution numbers of Moon’s Apoge and Nodes. Total Solar Eclipse of 15 Feb 519 CE with totality at 10N51, 75E45 & Annular Solar Eclipse of 11 Aug 519 CE with totality at 8N30, 75E45

  40. Solar Eclipse of 15 Feb 519 CE

  41. Eclipse Observed from Sea

  42. Sūryasiddhānta Planet Aryabhatīyam Ārya Modern Sun 1400 58' 141000' 1400 58' Moon 1400 58' 140021' 1400 58' Apogee 3250 20' 325015' 3200 30' Rāhu 317035' 317036' 3130 57' Evidence for these Observations Modern Mean Longitudes for Mean New moon of 11 Aug 519 AD

  43. One-point fit of Siddhāntic Mean s ‘0’ Mean s at Yugādi introduces errors in the siddhāntic mean motions. Therefore Siddhāntic Mean s precisely match with observation and modern values only at the epoch of the Siddhāntic treatise. Mysterious precision we see between Āryabhatīyam and modern Mean s for 519 CE establishes that the mean motions were fixed based on the eclipse observations of 519CE and around.

  44. Node and Apogee of Moon

  45. Mistaken Use of Versed Sine Verses 35, 36 and 45 of Golapāda of Āryabhatīya had been a matter of conflict and discussions since the days of Brahmagupta. Āryabhata precepts on the two components of Valana, viz., Aksa and Ayana which make use of the versed sine had their origin in the observations of the total lunar eclipse of 23 March 517 CE at Camravattam, 10N51, 75E45 Meridian transit of eclipsed Moon close to the equator led to Aksavalana rule – i.e. Versed sine of the hour angle and sine of Aksavalana becoming zero simultaneously and aksavalana attaining maximum on the horizon. Simultaneously the eclipse also presented Versed sine (Moon+900) equaling 1 and Ayanavalana attaining the maximum value of the obliquity of the earth’s axis and thus leading to the proportion of verse 36 of Golapāda.

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