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History of Psychology

History of Psychology. AP Objective. Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. The Development of Psychology: Speculation to Science. Ancient Egypt-700BC 1 st “psychology experiment” 16 th Century

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History of Psychology

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  1. History of Psychology

  2. AP Objective • Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought

  3. The Development of Psychology:Speculation to Science • Ancient Egypt-700BC • 1st “psychology experiment” • 16th Century • “psyche” meaning soul, “logos” meaning reason • Dualism • Body and mind are separate • Body can be studied scientifically, the soul cannot • Operates according to free will, not natural law • Rene Descartes • Link existed between mind and body (creates experiences)

  4. Think, Pair, share… • Why was Descartes’s theory, despite its intuitive appeal, unsuitable for a complete psychology?

  5. The Development of Psychology • Thomas Hobbes • 1st to break Dualism • The spirit or soul is a meaningless concept and that nothing exists but matter and energy • All human behavior can be understood in terms of physical processes in the body, especially the brain. • Conscious thought is a product of the brain’s machinery…AND subject to natural law

  6. Think, pair, share… • How did Hobbes’s view help lay the groundwork for a science of psychology?

  7. Development of Psychology • Prior to 1879 • Emerged out of two traditions • Philosophy and natural science • Seeks to understand the meaning of human experience; questions awareness, motivation, and values • Empiricisim (John Locke) • Human knowledge and thought derive from sensory experience (vision, hearing, touch) • We acquire knowledge of the world around us, and this knowledge allows us to think about the world and behave adaptively • Nativism • Some knowledge and rules of operation are native to the human mind • Inborn and not acquired • No understanding of how they are inborn

  8. THINK… • Why is the ability to learn dependent on inborn knowledge?

  9. Development of Psychology • And then came Charles Darwin… • The Origin of Species (1859) • Evolve gradually, natural selection • Basic forms of human emotional experiences are inherited • Evolved bc the ability to communicate one’s emotions improves one’s chances of survival

  10. Think, pair, share… • How did Darwin’s theory of natural selection offer scientific foundation for explaining behavior by describing its functions?

  11. Development of psychology • Out of the continuity of science and philosophy emerged two theorists • Wilhelm Wundt • William James

  12. Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920) • Professor of “scientific philosophy” (not classical philosophy) • Studied behavior by examining elementary sensory processes…wanted to analyze higher mental processes through psychology • “Founder” of psychology • Physiological processes to social behavior • Founded first laboratory--studied consciousness

  13. Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920) • Wanted psych to be modeled after sciences • Primary focus of psych • Consciousness-introspective study of the mind • This theory led to criticism!! • Replaced with psych. of behavior in USA • And Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind in Europe • Studying under Wundt • German and American students • 1883-1893 established 24 labs in North America

  14. William James • Principles of Psychology 1890 • Decided that there is “no such thing as a science of psychology” • Favored how the mind functioned rather than it’s basic parts • Little interest in Wundt’s work • “Trying to understand a house by studying each one of it’s bricks.”

  15. Think, pair, share… • William James emphasized asking good questions over gathering data; Wilhelm Wundt was concerned with gathering data. Which aspect appeals to you? Why?

  16. AP Objective • Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: • — structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; • — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; • — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches.

  17. functionalism • William James “father of psychology in US” • Focused on investigating the function or purpose of consciousness • Led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences • May have attracted the first woman into the field of psychology • Mary Cofler Whiton

  18. Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener • Focused on analyzing consciousness (what goes on in your mind) into basic elements • Sensations, feelings, images • Introspection-careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience

  19. behaviorism • Behaviorism (early 1900s) • Descendent of functionalism • The mind was a black box which could not be opened or understood • John B. Watson- (1878-1958): United States • Founder of behaviorism • Behavior=observable responses or activities • Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behavior • Study of consciousness abandoned

  20. behaviorism • B.F. Skinner (1950s) – “the rat guy” • Internal mental events cannot be studied scientifically and no need • Can you prove that you have a mind? • Environmental factors mold behavior • “Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.” • (Trained pigeons to play ping-pong)

  21. Assignment • Quick Lab • 1. Observe and keep careful notes of your behavior on Thursday. • 2. You may want to make a chart listing each action, such as “woke to the alarm clock’s ring,” “ate breakfast,” and “yelled at little brother.” • 3. Beside each behavior you noted, list what caused your behavior. For example, “I woke up at 6:30am because school starts at 7:45, and I hate being late.” • Assessment: • Using the behaviorist approach, describe how rewards and punishments affected the behaviors on your list. • What patterns in your behavior emerged? How can you explain any patterns that you see in your data? • What other methods could you use to study observation?

  22. Bellwork 9/3 • What psychological approach might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit? • Which of the following is a statement with which Skinner’s followers would agree? • Most behavior is controlled by unconscious forces. • The goal of behavior is self-actualization. • Nature is more influential than nurture. • Free will is an illusion.

  23. Gestalt • Gestalt • Perception is more than the sum of its parts • “Gestalt” = whole pattern in German

  24. Other schools of thought… • Gestalt • Perception is more than the sum of its parts • “Gestalt” = whole pattern in German • P.18 How do these two images represent the ideas of Gestalt psychology?

  25. Bellwork 9/7 • The concept of dualism refers to the division of all things in the world into • A. Thought and action • B. Body and spirit • C. Structural and Functional • D. Theoretical and Practical • E. Dependent and Independent • Imposing order on individual details in order to view them as part of a whole is a basic principle of which of the following types of psychologists? • A. Behaviorist • B. Psychodynamic • C. Humanistic • D. Gestalt • E. Functionalist

  26. Assignment • Assessment: • Using the behaviorist approach, describe how rewards and punishments affected the behaviors on your list. • What patterns in your behavior emerged? How can you explain any patterns that you see in your data? • What other methods could you use to study observation?

  27. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic • Psychoanalytic Psychology • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austria • Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior • Unconscious=thoughts, memories, desires (NOT conscious awareness) • Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role in behavior • Controversial notions caused debate/resistance • Significant influence on the field of psychology

  28. psychodynamic • Psychodynamic psychology suggests we are motivated by the energy of irrational desires generated in our unconscious minds.

  29. humanism • Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers • Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for human growth • Humans are not “pawns” of animal heritage or environmental circumstances • Research on animals is irrelevant • Fundamental human drive for personal growth • Not very scientific

  30. Bellwork 9/8 • Psychologists who emphasize the importance of repressed memories and childhood experiences subscribe to which of the perspectives? • The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of • A. Childhood experiences • B. Biological predispositions • C. Maladaptive thoughts • D. Free will and conscious awareness • E. Cultural experiences • What psychological approach might suggest that forgetting to pick his mother up at the airport was Henry’s unconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit?

  31. Developmental View • The developmental view emphasizes changes that occur across our lifespan. • This is the question of nature vs. nurture.

  32. **Cognitive • 1950s-1960s • Cognition • Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge (thinking or conscious experience) • Store, process, use • Jean Piaget • Children’s cognitive development • Norm Chomsky • Language • Must study internal mental events to fully understand behavior • Examples: Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes responses; Right and left halves of the brain specialize in different tasks, visual signals to the brain

  33. Bellwork 9/9 • To which perspective are the roles of knowledge, information processing, and their interactions most central? And why did you choose that answer? • A. Psychoanalytic • B. Cognitive • C. Behaviorist • D. Evolutionary • E. Biopsychological

  34. **Biological • The biological view looks at how our physical make up and the operation of our brains influence our personality, preferences, behavior patterns, and abilities. • According to biological view, our behavior is a result of heredity, the nervous system and the endocrine system and environmental impacts such as disease.

  35. **Sociocultural • New interest in culture • Advances in communication, travel, and international trade (brought about global interdependence) • Ethnic makeup of Western world is more diverse • Sociocultural psychologists • Study underrepresented groups to test earlier findings • Study differences and similarities of groups • Study how culture is transmitted through socialization • Study how culture determines one’s view of the world • How people cope with cultural change • Reduce misunderstanding and conflict • How groups are affected by prejudice, discrimination, and racism

  36. Think, pair, share • Why has the focus of Western psychology been so narrow? • Cross-cultural research is costly, difficult, and time-consuming • Cultural comparisons may foster stereotypes of various culture groups • Ethnocentricism-one’s own group is superior

  37. Ap Objective • Distinguish the different domains of psychology: • — biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, • experimental, human factors, industrial–organizational, personality, • psychometric, and social.

  38. Jobs in Psychology • Psychologist • People who are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior • Psychiatry • Branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders • *Clinical psychology • Diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances (mental hospitals and prisons) • *Counseling psychology • Assist with problem of everyday life (schools) • Developmental psychologists • Study physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes throughout life • Educational psychologists • Help students learn (intelligence, memory, problem solving) • Community psychologist • Mental health or social welfare agency • Industrial/Organizational psychologist • Use psych concepts to make the workplace better • Psychobiologist • Effect of drugs • Forensic psychologist • Profiles of criminal offenders or understand problems of abuse • Health psychologist • Interaction between physical and psychological (stress leads to sickness)

  39. Bellwork 9/10 • For which of the following is Wilhelm Wundt primarily known? • The establishment between mind and body as two separate entities • The establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology • The discovery of how signals are conducted along nerves in the body • The development of the first formal program for training in psychotherapy • G. Stanley Hall is noteworthy in the history of psychology because he: • Established the first American research lab in psychology. • Launched America’s first psychological journal. • Was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Association. • Did All of the above.

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