1 / 60

World War I

World War I. Chapter 16 Objective 8.1 Explain why the US remained neutral but later entered WWI. 1870- Franco-Prussian War. 1864 - Prussia launched a series of wars to unite various German states into one nation= Germany. 1871 - Prussia attacked & defeated France

tamara-rodriquez
Download Presentation

World War I

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. World War I Chapter 16 Objective 8.1 Explain why the US remained neutral but later entered WWI

  2. 1870- Franco-Prussian War 1864- Prussia launched a series of wars to unite various German states into one nation= Germany. 1871- Prussia attacked & defeated France Germany forced France to give up territory ** From that point forward= France & Germany were enemies.

  3. Alliance System • Triple Alliance • Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm I) , Italy & Austria-Hungary • Germany had created an empire & wanted protection from France • 1894- Franco-Russian Alliance • Russia feared invasion by Germany & fought for territory with Austria-Hungary • Signed to counteract the Triple Alliance • 1900’s- Triple Entente • Britain joined the Franco-Russian Alliance to combat the arms race with Germany in their navies ** Militarism- competing alliances encouraged a build up of armed forces in Europe.

  4. INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN EUROPE LED TO OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS ALLIED WITH GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA. SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT PROTECT BELGIUM’S NEUTRALITY

  5. Nationalism • Alliances led to nationalism which spread through Europe • Feeling of intense pride in one’s nation • Focus on the goals of country rather than international goals • Can lead to hatred & degredation • Self-Determination • People who belong to a nation should have their own government & country

  6. RIVALRIES OVER COLONIES LED TO BITTERNESS IN EUROPE

  7. The Balkans Powder Keg • South East Region of Europe= Balkans was controlled by Austria-Hungary Empire & Ottomans • Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, & Slovenes (Slavs) wanted independence (self-determination) from Austria-Hungary== “Balkans’ Powder Keg” • Serbs wanted to make Bosnia part of Serbia • 1908- Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia= angered Serbs.

  8. Serbian Independence

  9. The Conflict Begins: • The Balkans • Serbs v Austria-Hungary • *Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire • The Black Hand • *Gavrilo Princip-Serbian nationalist assassinated him Franz Ferdinand • July 28, 1914 Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia • Russia mobilizes troops against Austria Hungary • Germany declares war on Russia for placing troops on German border • Germany invades France through Belgium (neutral) • British declare war on Germany for invading Belgium

  10. WORLD WAR I BEGAN 1914 • JUNE 28 ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED • JULY 28 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA • AUGUST 1 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA • AUGUST 3 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE • AUGUST 4 GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM WHICH PROMPTED BRITAIN TO DECLARE WAR THE SAME DAY • AUGUST 4 PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARED POLICY OF NEUTRALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES • AUGUST 6 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA • AUGUST 23 JAPAN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY • OCTOBER 29 OTTOMAN EMPIRE JOINED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS

  11. Alliances • Triple Entente • Triple Alliance • Allies • Central Powers

  12. ALLIES FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES) ITALY RUSSIA JAPAN ROMANIA SERBIA GREECE PORTUGAL THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS NEUTRAL NATIONS SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK CENTRAL POWERS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY GERMANY BULGARIA TURKEY

  13. HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE? • MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN *NEUTRAL BECAUSE: • THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT • EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY • WAR WAS EXPENSIVE • DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) Wilson declared neutrality

  14. WHAT GROUPS WANTED THE U.S. TO JOIN THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS AND WHY? • VERY LARGE POPULATION OF GERMAN-AMERICANSLIVING IN THE U.S. DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST GERMANY • IRISH-AMERICANSDID NOT WANT TO HELP THE BRITISH BECAUSE OF THEIR HISTORICAL OPPRESSION OF THE IRISH AND BRITISH SUPPRESSION OF THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN IRELAND IN 1916

  15. TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266 U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282 POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP IN MILLIONS

  16. Early World War I Battles • The Battle of the Marne (1914)- Germany launched invasion of France by going through Belgium (neutral). Goal: avoid fighting a two front war. • Sclieffen Plan – knock France out of war first then attack Russia. • Germany advanced within 30 miles from Paris (stopped by British & French troops). • for 3 years both armies locked in stalemate • Russia invaded Germany

  17. First -Battle of the Marne 1914

  18. U.S. Involvement • British used propaganda to get US involved • Support – Big Business (US Banks made loans to allies & Wilson’s cabinet • British blockade – North Sea • Britain cut transatlantic cable • **Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Germany announces it will sink any boats near Britain **The Lusitania - 1915 • British civilian passenger ship • Entered war zone & was bombed by a U-boat • 128 Americans on board • Wilson remains neutral but issues a warning to Germany

  19. THE ELECTION OF 1916 REPUBLICAN CHARLES EVANS HUGHES DEMOCRAT WOODROW WILSON WILSON RAN ON THE SLOGAN “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR!” HOWEVER HE KNEW THAT THE U.S. WAS GETTING CLOSER TO ENTERING THE WAR HUGHES CHALLENGED WILSON’S UNWILLINGNESS TO STAND UP TO THE GERMANS

  20. THE ELECTION WAS SO CLOSE THAT THE RESULT WAS NOT KNOWN FOR SEVERAL DAYS WHILE CALIFORNIA’S VOTES WERE TALLIED. WILSON’S LEAD IN CALIFORNIA WAS ONLY BY 3800 VOTES. WILSON WON WITH 9,129,606 TO HUGHES’ 8,538,221.

  21. US Involvement • **Sussex Pledge • Pledge by Germany to sink no more merchant ships without warning. • Kept US out of war - goal of US & Germany • **Zimmerman Telegram (Jan. 1917) • German ambassador, Arthur Zimmerman • Offered Mexico an alliance with Germany • Mexico would receive back Texas, Arizona & New Mexico if it attacked the US • Telegram was intercepted & leaked to newspapers • Angry Americans called for war • March 1917 – Germans sank 4 US ships (broke pledge) • April 6, 1917 – US declares war on Germany in special session of Congress (Jeanette Rankin one of 56 to vote against)

  22. New Technologies of War

  23. New Technologies of War • Machine guns- could hold off attacking forces= all sides dug trenches. • *“no mans land”- area between enemy trenches. • Poison gas- mustard gas Chlorine gas • Gas masks issued to soldiers

  24. “NO MAN’S LAND” THE AREA BETWEEN THE TRENCHES WAS THE MOST DANGEROUS PLACE TO BE

  25. Technologies of war • Tanks- first used by the British during WWI- SLOW, heavy & easy to destroy. • Planes-1st used to observe enemy movements; later machine guns added & small bombs dropped German Ace – the Red Baron American Ace – Eddie Rickenbacker • Artillery barrage- tactic used to dislodge a trenched foe before an infantry charge.

  26. Convoys group of US ships traveling together

  27. Build up of the Military • *Selective Service • New conscription system • Selective Service Act of 1917 • All men between 18 & 30 required to register • 369th Infantry • African American regiment • Earned the French Cross of Valor • 400,000 drafted;42,000 served as combat troops • Served in segregated units (white officers) • Army Nursing Corp • Women were only enlisted by the army here • US Navy enlisted women for clerical duties, radiooperators, photographers, chemists & pharmacists

  28. Local Draft Boards (not officials in Washington) controlled the draft lottery

  29. GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER OF *THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WWI "ALL A SOLDIER NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT AND SALUTE." Americans were called *Doughboys because of their fresh faces

  30. 16 MINUTE SILENT FILM SHOWING THE U.S. ENTERING THE CONFLICT AS WELL AS VARIOUS BATTLES

  31. The Homefront • *Committee on Public Information • Purpose was to sell the war to Americans • Pro-War Propaganda

  32. Work Force • *War Industries Board • Coordinated production of war materials • *National War Labor Board • Worked with unions to mediate worker issues & prevent strikes

  33. **The Great Migration • During WWI- 300,000 TO 500,000 African-Americans left the South & moved to northern cities to work in war factories (Chicago, NY, Cleveland, Detroit) • Significance- • Economic opportunities for African –Americans • Changed make up of northern cities • Racial unrest

  34. MANUFACTURING HELMETS AND HATS FOR SOLDIERS

  35. The Homefront • *Food Administration • Run by Herbert Hoover • Increase food production while reducing civilian consumption • *Victory Gardens – to stem civilian consumption • Fuel Administration • Conservation of coal & oil • Daylight Savings Time

  36. The Homefront • Daylight Savings Time • Factories shortened their workweeks if not producing war materials • Liberty & Victory Bonds • Used to pay for the war • People encouraged to buy them as an act of patriotism

  37. Infringements on Civil Liberties? • *Espionage Act • Punished anyone who aided the enemy or showed disloyalty • *Sedition Act • Expanded Espionage Act • Arrest for public expression of opposition to the war or of the government • *Schenck v US • Supreme Court ruled an individual’s freedom of speech could be curbed in times of national security

  38. ROSE PASTOR STOKES SHE SENT A LETTER TO THE KANSAS CITY STAR THAT CLAIMED “NO GOVERNMENT WHICH IS FOR THE PROFITEERS CAN ALSO BE FOR THE PEOPLE, AND I AM FOR THE PEOPLE, WHILE THE GOVERNMENT IS FOR THE PROFITEERS.” SHE WAS ARRESTED AND SENTENCED TO TEN YEARS IN JAIL UNDER THESE LAWS. A HIGHER COURT LATER OVERTURNED THE CONVICTION.

  39. EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI • MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.  • SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE“ • Hamburgers became Salisbury Steak • ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC • MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

  40. Russian Revolution - 1917 • Riots in Russia over shortages in food & fuel • Bolsheviks & Vladimir Lenin took over (Socialists-Marxists) • Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin immediately pulled Russia out of the war • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russia & Germany agreement • Russia gave up the Ukraine, Finland, Poland & Baltic Territories • German army would leave Russia

  41. March 1918- Last German Offensive • Launched attack within 40 miles of Paris • 1st major US involvement- Village of Cantigny • June 1918- US & French troops stopped German advance towards Paris at Chateau-Thierry

  42. Battle of Argonne Forest • Battle of Meuse-Argonne- led by Supreme Allied commander Ferdinand Foch (French) • Most massive attack in US history • 600,000 troops opened a hole in German lines on September 26, 1918 (most massive attack US troops involved in US history)

  43. ARMISTICE SIGNED: “AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY” NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

  44. THE UNITED STATES CELEBRATED

  45. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR” GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BUT WANTED COLONIES WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY AND PREVENT FUTURE INVASION WANTED LAND PROMISED DURING WWI WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE FOR ALL

  46. Wilson's Fourteen Points • Plan to eliminate the general causes of war • 4 ways • Open trade • Open diplomacy • Freedom of the seas • Right to self determination • **League of Nations • The 14th point • Creation of association of nations to prevent future wars

More Related