ISSUES & TRENDS REGARDING STRUCTURAL PPE AND HOW IT RELATES TO NFPA 1851

1. ISSUES & TRENDS REGARDING STRUCTURAL PPE AND HOW IT RELATES TO NFPA 1851 Patricia A. Freeman Technical Services Manager Globe Manufacturing Co., LLC June 6, 2014

2. LAB GIRLS AT WORK!

3. NFPA = National Fire Protection Assn. • Standards Writing Body • Instituted in 1896 • Headquartered in Quincy, MA, USA • Over 200 Balanced Committees • Voluntary Compliance • No Enforcement Authority • 5 Year Revision Cycle

4. THE VIEWS PRESENTED….…… ARE NOT NECESSARILY MY OWN

5. NFPA STANDARDS PROCESS • ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE •Correlating Committee • Technical Committee • Balanced membership User Labor Insurer Research Special Expert Enforcer Consumer Manufacturer Installation/maintenance

6. NFPA STANDARDS PROCESS •INPUT STAGE •FIRST DRAFT •COMMENT STAGE •SECOND DRAFT •NITMAM •ISSUE DATE •EFFECTIVE DATE •APPROVAL DATE

7. NFPA 1971 - Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2013 editionNFPA 1851 – Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2014 edition

8. NFPA 1971 - Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2013 edition-Strictly a new product standard and as such does not deal with aftermarket issues -Parent standard for NFPA 1851

9. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AS DEFINED BY NFPA 1971, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING INCLUDES: COATS PANTS HELMETS HOODS GLOVES FOOTWEAR INTERFACE ELEMENTS

10. Outer Shell Thermal Barrier Moisture Barrier Protective Garments are Comprised of a Three Layer System…………….. • Outer Shell • Provides tough, durable first line of defense against heat & flame and physical damage • Thermal Liner • Protection from thermal exposure • Moisture Barrier • Prevents moisture from entering the system

11. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSSingle layers and components • Trapezoidal Tear Strength: 22 lb./5lb. minimum • Cleaning Shrinkage: 5% maximum (W & F) • Heat & Thermal Resistance: • No melting, dripping, separation or ignition • Vertical Flammability: 4” char & 2 sec. after flame • Seam Strength: 150 lbs./75 lbs./40 lbs. minimum • Garment hardware: Salt spray corrosion • Labels:Durability and legibility • Trim:Reflectivity and fluorescence

12. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSSingle layers and components • Outer shell breaking strength: min 140 lbs. • Outer shell cannot char: 500F/5 mins • Outer shell water absorption: max 30% • Fastener tape requirements: peel, shear, cycle • Heat & Thermal Shrinkage: max 10% • DRD seams and splices: min 1,573 lbs • DRD functionality test: time to deploy & drag • Thread: Heat resistance

13. ADDITIONAL MOISTURE BARRIER REQUIREMENTS Resistance to Light: UV exposure Water Resistance: 25 psi Liquid Penetration Resistance: • No penetration after 1 hour • Fuel C • 37 % Sulfuric Acid • FR Hydraulic Fluid • AFFF • Chlorinated Water Viral Penetration Resistance: • No penetration after 1 hour

14. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSGarment Composite Layers • Thermal Protective Performance • Minimum TPP of 35 • Total Heat Loss • Minimum THL of 205 w/m² • Conductive, compressive heat resistance • Time to burn not less than 25 seconds • Stored Energy Test • 130 seconds until 2nd degree burn • Overall Liquid Penetration • Whole mannequin shower test – no water entry

15. THERMAL PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW Test measures the ability of the garment composite to prevent heat from passing through the layers METHOD The composite is subjected to radiant heat & flame, simulating flashover conditions. The rating is determined on the Stoll curve and represents the point at which human skin would reach 2nd degree burn.

16. TOTAL HEAT LOSS GUARDED SWEATING HOT PLATE • This test measures the ability of the garment composite to dissipate heat through the layers INVERSE RELATIONSHIP WITH TPP

17. CCHR CONDUCTIVE, COMPRESSIVE, HEAT RESISTANCE The CCHR rating is the time in seconds to 2nd degree burn in compressed areas of the garments • Shoulder area is tested under a pressure of 2 psi; • Knee area is tested under a pressure of 8 psi. The 2013 requirement is that it must take at least 25 seconds in tested compressed areas, before a 2nd degree burn occurs

18. STORED THERMAL ENERGY • New test added to the 2013 edition of the standard. • Fire fighters can receive burns in ordinary fire ground operations, with no apparent or obvious damage to the protective clothing. • Burns can be referred to as stored energy burns, steam burns, and/or compression burns. • Commonality seems to be arms and shoulders

19. STORED ENERGY TEST ►PERFORMED ON SLEEVE SHELL ATTACHMENTS ►TEST PARAMETERS: 120 second exposure 5 second delay 60 second compression 5 second delay ►REQUIREMENT: 130 seconds until 2nd degree burn

20. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS • Overall Liquid Integrity Test Performed on coats and pants as an ensemble • Every style • Every closure • 20 minute exposure

21. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS • Liner system • Means to secure liner to shell; mechanism used to attach liner to shell maximum 1” and not expandable • Extend to neckline of coats, waist of pants • Extend to 1” at coat cuffs and 3” on coat hem and pant cuffs • Closure systems • Continuous thermal & moisture protection • Secured with positive fasteners • Collar • Minimum 3” in height with closure system • TPP Performance of all three layers • Cargo Pockets • Must have means of drainage

22. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS • Wristlets • Close fitting knit; minimum TPP of 20 • Sizing • Must be available in both male & female patterns • Chest, waist, inseams in 2” increments; sleeve lengths in 1” • Chest & waist size 28” to 60”; inseams 24” to 36”; sleeves 28” to 38” • Trim • Must have both retroreflective and fluorescent properties Solid trim must be a minimum of 2” wide and triple trim must be 3” wide to attain min. requirements

23. NFPA 1851 – Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2014 edition- Strictly a user document, intendedfor organizations as a standard for maintaining their gear safely

24. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION • Chapter 1: Administration • Chapter 2: Referenced Publications • Chapter 3: Definitions • Verified Independent Service Provider – an independent service provider verified by a third party certification organization to conduct any one or a combination of advanced inspection, advanced cleaning, basic repair, or advanced repair service.

25. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION • Chapter 4: Program • -Record Keeping • -Manufacturers Instructions • Chapter 5: Selection • -Risk Assessment • -Interface • -Wear Test

26. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 6 – INSPECTION • The organization is responsible for establishing guidelines for when an element is found to be in need of cleaning, decontamination, or repair, and determining the appropriate action • Routine Inspection is performed by user, upon issue and after each use • Soiling • Contamination • Physical damage • Thermal damage • Reflective trim • Seam integrity • Assembly & size compatibility of shell, liner & DRD

27. SCORCHING SIGNS OF WEAR UV DEGRADATION

28. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION ADVANCED INSPECTION • Performed by element manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, a verified ISP, or verified organization, at a minimum 12 months, or when routine inspections indicate a problem could exist. • Findings of advanced inspections must be documented • The element manufacturer or a verified ISP and the organization determines the level of training to perform advanced inspections and shall provide written verification of training. -Verified organizations making this determination do not need written verification

29. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION • In addition to all of the items in a routine inspection, the following are also inspected: • System fit/overlap • Material integrity, including wristlets • Loss of moisture barrier integrity • Label integrity • Hook & loop functionality • Liner attachment systems • Closure system functionality • Accessories for compliance • Light Evaluation of Liners • Leakage Evaluation • Complete Liner Inspection

30. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION COMPLETE LINER INSPECTION • Required after 3 years in service; results documented • Performed by manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, a verified organization, or a verified ISP • The manufacturer or a verified ISP and the organization will determine the level of training necessary to perform Complete Liner Inspections. Training must be documented

31. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Complete Liner Inspection – Garment Elements • The Complete Liner Inspection includes a Water Penetration Barrier Evaluation Test for the moisture barrier, which requires a hydrostatic test apparatus. • The moisture barrier and thermal barrier shall be inspected for the following: • Physical damage • Loss of seam strength • Material physical integrity • Delamination

32. Clamp Pressure gauge Liquid tank Test plate Hose HYDROSTATIC TESTING Gore Hydrostatic Tester

33. HYDROSTATIC TESTING When testing the sealed barrier seam, the substrate side is down such that the film side with the seam tape is visible. EXAMPLES OF WEAR TO THERMAL BATT

34. HYDROSTATICTESTING Jacket high abrasion areas

35. HYDROSTATICTESTING Pant high abrasion areas

36. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 - CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION General • Organizations shall provide a means for having ensemble elements cleaned and decontaminated • Wearer is to determine appropriate cleaning level • Elements contaminated by CBRN terrorism agents immediately retired; elements suspected to have been contaminated by hazardous materials evaluated at the scene • Contaminated elements isolated and removed from service until contaminant is identified and elements receive necessary specialized cleaning • Trained member shall be responsible for specialized cleaning

37. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 - CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION General • Organizations must have written procedures detailing decontamination and cleaning processes for elements contaminated with body fluids. • Universal precautions shall be observed by members handling elements known or suspected of contamination by body fluids. • Soiled or contaminated elements shall not be brought home or washed in public laundries. • Commercial dry cleaning shall not be used, unless approved by garment manufacturer. • Verified ISP shall demonstrate to organization that procedures do not compromise performance.

38. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Ch. 7 – CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION Routine Cleaning is the responsibility of user • Performed at the emergency scene if possible • Elements isolated to avoid cross contamination • Brush off dry debris; gently rinse off other debris as necessary • A soft bristle brush may be used • Garments thoroughly rinsed following any cleaning • If necessary, a utility sink may be used • If necessary, spot cleaning is allowed • Routine cleaning does not need to be documented

39. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Ch7: ADVANCED CLEANING & DECON • Advanced cleaning is conducted by machine unless specifically prohibited, and is performed by a verified ISP, the garment manufacturer, a manufacturer trained organization, or a verified organization. • Members of organization who have received training shall be responsible for performing, managing, or co-ordinating advanced cleaning. • Element manufacturer or verified ISP and the organization will determine necessary training, with written documentation. • Verified organizations are permitted to determine level of training necessary to perform advanced cleaning without any further written verification.

40. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Ch 7 - ADVANCED CLEANING & DECON • Elements that are issued and used shall receive advanced cleaning at the time of advanced inspection if not subjected to advanced cleaning in the previous 12 months. • Elements that are soiled shall receive advanced cleaning prior to reuse. • Training shall be by the element manufacturer or verified ISP who will provide written verification of training. • Organization shall refer to the manufacturer’s label information and User Guides.

41. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 7 – ADVANCED CLEANING & DECON • Procedure • Front loading washing machines are preferable • Machine shall not be overloaded • Pre-treat heavily soiled or spotted areas • Separate outer shells from liners and wash independently, turning liners inside out • Remove DRD from coats and wash separately • All closures shall be fastened

42. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Ch 7 – ADVANCED CLEANING AND DECON • Procedure • Water temperature shall not exceed 105°F • Mild detergent, pH factor of 6.0 up to10.5 as indicated on MSDS or original product container • Machine adjusted so g-force doesn’t exceed 100g • Follow machine manufacturer’s instructions for proper setting or program selection • Inspect after cleaning and rewash if necessary • Elements shall be dried in accordance with the standard

43. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Ch 7 – ADVANCED CLEANING & DECON DRYING: Follow Manufacturers instructions • Air Drying • Dry in area with good ventilation • Do NOT dry in direct sunlight • Machine Drying • Do not overload capacity of machine • Fasten all closures • Use “no heat” or “air dry only” option • If heat must be used, basket temperature not to exceed 105°F

44. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 8: Repairs Chapter 9: Storage -Store in clean, dry & well ventilated area’s -Do not dry in direct sunlight or airtight containers -Avoid harsh temperatures, above 180°F or below minus 40°F -Do not store or transport with sharp objects or in contact with contaminants, Hydraulic fluids, solvents, etc.

45. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 10 – RETIREMENT • Structural fire fighting elements shall be retired no more than 10 years from the date of manufacture • Retired elements shall be destroyed or disposed of in a manner ensuring they will not be used in live fire fighting activities • Retired elements shall be permitted to be used for training that does not include live fire, provided they are marked as being for non-live fire training only, as determined by the organization

46. NFPA 1851 – 2014 EDITION Chapter 11: Verification Chapter 12: Testing ANNEX

47. So what’s the buzz? NFPA 1971 – 2018 Edition • NFPA 1971 has just begun work on 2018 edition • TCC has mandated extensive vetting of new tests • Task group appointed to work on gloves • Annex task group to compile explanation of intent and history of test methods • Task group appointed to research hoods • Sizing • Add moisture barrier layer to hoods

48. So what’s the buzz? NFPA 1851- 2019 edition • NFPA 1851 will be about one year behind 1971 • Aluminized gear v. structural; risk assessment • Focus on decontamination of turnout gear • Garment soiling and more effective cleaning • Mandatory retirement • Questionnaire by NFPA

49. So what’s the buzz? A new research project • Non-Destructive Chemical/Biological Analysis Techniques Enabling Effective PPE Decontamination Strategies • Goal is to identify techniques for nondestructive evaluation of clothing for specific contaminants. • Develop detailed guidelines for applying analytical results to determine disposition of contaminated gear and appropriate decontamination techniques.

50. New Research project (continued) • International Personnel Protection, Inc. (IPP) will be lead • Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) a branch of the Office of Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office (CTTSO) is funding the project • Fire Protection Research Foundation is a project partner for managing external reviews