Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Early Struggles in Latin America Independence in Mexico

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Early Struggles in Latin America Independence in Mexico Map: Independence in Latin America Revolutionary Leaders in South America Faces of History: Two Revolutionary Leaders Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of Revolution in Latin America Independence in Latin America

2. Independence in Latin America Main Idea Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe. • Reading Focus • How did early struggles in Latin America affect Haiti and other colonies? • What events led to independence in Mexico? • Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South America, and what did they achieve?

3. Haiti Becomes Independent Toussaint L’Ouverture • Saint Domingue, western half of Caribbean island Hispaniola, first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe • Sugar exports made Saint Domingue one of France’s richest possessions • Prosperity built on slave labor • French Revolution had dramatic effect on island • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes • French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law • Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers • Toussaint’s military, political actions made him hero in Hispaniola Early Struggles in Latin America The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

4. French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in Hispaniola Sent French general to take control of colony away from Toussaint Island forces struggled for months 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice French broke agreement, sent him to prison; Toussaint died there, 1803 Fight for independence continued 1804, revolutionaries declared independence Named new nation Haiti Napoleon Concerned

5. Colonies of Spain and Portugal • Another Kind of Independence • 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil • In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies, building roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and prosperity • Education and New Ideas • Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas • Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers, learned about revolutions in France, America • Tensions Growing • Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain • Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists

6. Napoleon Creoles vs. Peninsulares • 1807, French emperor Napoleon invaded Spain, Portugal • Spanish king imprisoned, Portuguese king fled to Brazil • Invasion weakened Spanish, Portuguese power in Latin America • Creole revolutionaries decided time right for fight for independence • Creoles, peninsulares made up highest social class • People of mixed race, Africans, Indians lower on social scale • Creoles excluded from highest levels of government, church • As prosperity grew, creoles resented peninsulares, faraway Spanish rulers Growing Tensions

7. Sequence How did Haiti win independence from France? Answer(s): A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes became a revolution against France after Napoleon tried to take power from the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture.

8. Father Hidalgo Call to Revolt • 1810, creole priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo, made first public call for Mexican independence • Had history of challenging authority, eventually met creoles who wanted to take power from peninsulares, helped plan rebellion • September 16, 1810, Hidalgo delivered famous speech calling for fight against Spanish peninsulares, though not against Spain • Spanish authorities realized Hidalgo behind growing revolution; captured, executed him Independence in Mexico Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in the colony of New Spain, as Mexico was known at the time. Mexico was a Spanish colony with a mixture of creoles, peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race. Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence.

9. Morelos Continues the Revolution • After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement • Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places • Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or creole, to be called Americans • Independent Republic • Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms • Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement • Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish authorities

10. A Creole King for Mexico • Iturbide to Lead Fight • Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists • 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final battle against revolutionaries • Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican independence movement • Switching Sides • Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power; decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries • Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution • Iturbide’s Proposal • Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by monarch • Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights • Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico

11. Different Proposal • Iturbide’s independence proposal different from ideas of Hidalgo, Morelos • After ten years of fighting, the compromise brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists • Independence • Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to win independence • In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain • That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

15. Compare and Contrast How were the goals of Hidalgo, Morelos, and Iturbide different, and how were they similar? Answer(s): Hidalgo wanted the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain; Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico; Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico

16. Revolutionary Leaders in South America • Inspiration • Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, America, France inspired leaders in South America • Independence movements began to form, leaders emerged • Simon Bolivar • Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement • Known as “the Liberator” • Venezuelan Roots • Bolivar born into wealthy creole family, often traveled to Europe • Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in Rome, pledged to liberate South America • Independence • 1811, Venezuela declared independence from Spain • Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821

17. Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes Dream never became reality Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable” Bolivar’s Dream

19. Chile Gran Colombia • 1816, San Martin declared independence for Argentina, moved on to Chile • Led troops over 15,000 foot summit in Andes • Surprised Spanish troops, won independence for Chile • After Chile, San Martin moved to Gran Colombia, met Simon Bolivar • Historians do not know what they discussed when they met • San Martin resigned position after meeting, returned to Europe • Left Bolivar in power José de San Martin • José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in south • San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain • Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule; eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

20. John VI in Brazil Son Pedro in Charge • 1807, Portuguese king John VI, family, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal • Status of colony raised having Portuguese monarch there • John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire • Allowed Brazil to trade directly with world, rather than through Portugal • John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820 • Left son Pedro to rule Brazil • Brazilian-born colonists began to protest colonial status • Transition happened smoothly, little violence • 1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I Pedro I The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

22. Contrast In what ways was the independence movement in Brazil different from independence movements elsewhere in South America? Answer(s): Brazil won independence more smoothly and without violence.