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Chapter 2. Perception of Self and Others. What is Perception?. Perception is the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it. Perception. Needs-biological and psychological Interests
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Chapter 2 Perception of Self and Others
What is Perception? • Perception is the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it.
Perception • Needs-biological and psychological • Interests • Expectations-we see what we expect and miss information which violates our expectations
Organization of Stimuli • Simplicity-we simplify that which is difficult • Pattern-a set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others
Self-concept Self-esteem • Your self identity • Mental image you have about your skills, abilities, your knowledge, your competencies, and your personality • Your overall evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness Self-concept/Self-esteem
Forming and Maintaining a Self-Concept • Personal experiences • Positive • Negative • Reactions and responses of others • Friends • Family • Co-workers
Culture • Individualistic Cultures • United States • Stress the self and personal achievement • Self-concept, self-esteem, and self-image • What is best for me????
Culture • Collectivistic Cultures • China • Social norms are more important than individuals • Self-concept and self-esteem have little meaning • What is best for the group???
Gender • Masculine • Feminine
Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Perceptions • Incongruence-the gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality • Self-fulfilling prophecy-predictions you make about yourself • Success • Failure
Self-talk • The internal conversations we have with ourselves. (intrapersonal communication) • Necessary • High self-esteem=positive self-talk • Low self-esteem=negative self-talk
Uncertainty Reduction Theory • When people meet, their primary concern is to reduce uncertainty about each other and their relationship. As verbal output, nonverbal warmth, self-disclosure, similarity, and shared communication networks increase uncertainty decreases—and vice versa. Information seeking and reciprocity are positively correlated with uncertainty
Halo Effect/Devil Effect • Halo effect-to generalize and perceive that a person has a whole set of characteristics when you have actually only observed one characteristic, trait, or behavior • Devil effect-when people allow an undesirable trait to influence their evaluation of other traits
Stereotypes • Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people
Prejudice • A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think, or act in a negative way toward another person or group
Discrimination • A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership
Improving the Accuracy of Social Perceptions *Question the accuracy of your perceptions *Seek more information to verify perceptions *Realize that your perceptions of a person will change over time *Use the skill of perception checking