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The Changing life of the People

The Changing life of the People. Chapter 20. Learning Objectives. Students will analyses how the lives of ordinary people changed in the 17 th and 18 th Century

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The Changing life of the People

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  1. The Changing life of the People Chapter 20

  2. Learning Objectives • Students will analyses how the lives of ordinary people changed in the 17th and 18thCentury • Students will understand the living conditions, marriage patterns, child-rearing practices, educational opportunities, consumption of food and other commodities, medical practices, religion and culture.

  3. AP TIP Emphasis on social history has become a vital part of the AP Euro curriculum. Sometimes students tend to see social history as less serious or less important, but that would be a serious error in preparing for the AP exam, since the exam includes a substantial number of social history question on attitudes toward children.

  4. Marriage and Family Life • Age at time of marriage 17th C & 18th C • Averaged 25 – 28 • Some never married at all • Most worked for about 10 years and were fully adults by the time of marriage • Marriage might have been delayed for some, due to delay in receiving permission from local lords or government officials

  5. Leaving home • Young men • Apprentice • Itinerant worker • Young women • Few opportunities (more as the 18th C wore on) • Domestic service • Hard work. Low wages • Victims of unwanted sexual advances from their employers • Pregnancy cause a girl to be fires • Prostitution was often the only recourse

  6. Premarital Sex and community Controls • Illegitimacy was relatively low until 1750 • Although 1/5 to 1/3 of the children were conceived before marriage • Strong community controls in traditional village life cold pressure young couples to marry. • Other community intervention included public rituals that humiliated people (forced to “ride stang” (backwards on a donkey) • Adultery • Abusive treatment of spouse

  7. New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy • Illegitimacy rates soared from 1750 to 1850 • Reaching more than ¼ to 1/3 of all births • Why? Some suggest that the growth of the cottage industry meant income was no longer tied to land, so younger people could become independent and marry earlier, often for love. • More young people moved to cities in search of econ. Opportunities • “penny weddings” showed how hard it was for families to pay for weddings. In Scotland guests provided cash gifts to help pay for the wedding.

  8. Children and Education • One reason women had 6 or more children was that many typically 2 or 3 would die before they would reach adulthood. • Only when medical care and sanitation improved did more babies survive to adulthood; at that point, family size began to shrink. • Infanticide was all too common • Foundling hospitals existed in cities • In Paris about 1/3 of the babies were abandoned to them • Hospitals took in about 100,000 per year – always more babies that they could take in • High death rates – 50 to 90 % died in their 1st year • Legalized infanticide?

  9. Children - lifestyle • Attachment to children was in question • Children were typically treated with severe discipline • Children should be obedient and quiet • Enlightenment views • Children should be held to a different standard • Allowed to play and learn by playing • Philosophes argued for better treatment of children • Children clothing changed to give them greater freedom of movement • Rousseau – forerunner of progressive education • The best way to educate children is to have them follow their own interests and to stimulate their curiosity. • Children should be given practical skills • Boys – crafts • Girls – domestic skills

  10. Schools and Popular Literature • Most children were illiterate • 18th C provided more opportunities for education • Nobles and well-to-do bourgeoisie often sent their children to Jesuit schools/colleges • 17th C – Protestant and Catholic desired your people to be able to read. • Prussia 1st to make elementary education mandatory in 1717 – read scripture and create a educated population to better serve the state • Male literacy rates increased between 1600 – 1800, from 20% to between 50% in England and 90 % in Scotland. • Women also saw improvement in literacy – lower than men

  11. Reading material • “chapbooks” – short pamphlets (mostly religious topics) • The novel – introduced in the 18th C (mostly issues of love & family) • Popular literature developed genres such as • Fantasy stories • Romances – particularly medieval ones • Crime stories • Fairy tales • Practical manuals • Almanacs • Printed forms • Pamphlets • Newspapers • Broadsides • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense sold some 600,000 copies

  12. FOOD, MEDICINE AND NEW CONSUMPTION HABITS • Households changed • Private spaces • Defined functions • Decorated – books & prints • Plate at dining table rather than common dish a century before • Diet • 1700s • Coarse dark bread or grains added to soup • Peas & beans • Uncommon: fruit, milk (only for cheese & butter) • Less meat than in 1500 • 1800s • Potatoes became a staple • Corn, squash, tomatoes – Columbian exchange • Tea, sugar, tobacco, coffee, & chocolate • Tea, coffee & sugar – desired as stimulants • Mercier described energizing effect (Paris 1780s)

  13. Fashion • Women entered the consumer world • Greater number of garments & accessories • More diversity of style • Outspending men • Men • Plain dark clothes • Gave up magnificent multicolored outfits of earlier century

  14. Increase in Medical practitioners • Physicians, surgeons, midwives, faith healers, apothecaries (pharmacists) • 1700s women med practitioners common, 1800s denied admission to med colleges • Still active as midwives & faith healers • Madame du Coudray • Taught the art of midwifery • Hands on • 1st life-size obstetrical model (she created) • Wrote a childbirth manual • Received government support • Midwives • Delivered the majority of babies @ home • Treated women’s illnesses • Forceps – forced women out of delivery role • Physicians used monopoly on the new instrument to exclude midwives • Faith healers • Used religious practice to cure • Popular in countryside • Apothecaries • Druggists

  15. Medical Practitioners • Training • Long years of hands on training • Bloodletting, • Surgeons vs. barbers/butchers • Battlefield roles • Amputation of wounded limbs of soldiers • No anesthesia or attention to sanitary conditions (germ theory not know – death due to infection very high) • Advances • Smallpox vaccine • Lady Montagu – Ottoman Empire inoculation (about 1/5 died from vaccine) • Edward Jenner – cowpox inoculation

  16. RELIGION & POPULAR CULTURE • Parish church • Religious & social life • Records of births and deaths • Educated children • Cared for destitute & orphaned • Royal absolutism • Increased control over church • Spain • No papal proclamation w/o royal approval • France • Jesuits – expelled by Louis XV in • Too loyal to the pope • Dissolved in 1773 (with help from Spain) • Austria • Maria Theresa & Joseph II abolished monastic orders that were contemplative

  17. Religion • Protestants • Removed all images and stained glass windows from churches • Banned processions & pilgrimages • Pietism • 17th C Protestant movement stagnated • New movement – stressed personal, emotional religious experience • Lutheran ideal “ priesthood of all believers” Grew in Germany • Mass education • Study groups • Reading the Bible • Offered the chance to be reborn • Methodists • John Wesley organized a new club on Oxford campus • Spread movement thru revival meetings • Message – all men and women can be saved • Popular in England • Resentment over favoritism in the Church or Eng • Enlightenment skepticism • Shortage of churches (pop growth)

  18. Religion • Catholic • Religion flourished in Catholic countries • Elaborate Baroque decorations • Popular pilgrimages • Procession in celebration of saints & Jesus • Jansenism • Pietism w/n Catholicism • Adopted many Calvinist concepts • Predestination • Piety & spiritual devotion • Attracted French intellectual elite & urban poor

  19. LEISURE AND RECREATION • Carnival • Festive period for several days before the deprivations of Lent • Dancing, drinking and masquerading • Plays & processions • Literacy • Grew • Oral traditions favored • Tavern or pub • Town & city amusements • Fairs • Spectator sports • Horse racing • Boxing • Bullfighting, bull baiting, cockfighting • Enlightened elites began to criticize blood sports

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