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Policy and the capital approach National Economic wealth The Norwegian indicator commission

Sustainability Indicators – The Norwegian example by Torstein Bye Director, Economics, Energy and Environmental Department Statistics Norway. Policy and the capital approach National Economic wealth The Norwegian indicator commission The Norwegian indicator set The capital approach

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Policy and the capital approach National Economic wealth The Norwegian indicator commission

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  1. Sustainability Indicators – The Norwegian examplebyTorstein ByeDirector, Economics, Energy and Environmental DepartmentStatistics Norway Policy and the capital approach National Economic wealth The Norwegian indicator commission The Norwegian indicator set The capital approach Heterogeneity Summary

  2. Policy and the capital approachAgenda 21 • Six policy areas – matching the capital approach ? • International cooperation for sustainable development and combating poverty • Prerequisite for sustainability? • Climate, ozone and long range air pollution • Flows • (additional indicators to capture stock – global warming?) • Biodiversity and cultural heritage • Mix of stocks and flows • Natural resources • stocks • Hazardous chemicals • Critical values • Sustainable economic and social development ? • Flows (supplementary wealth)

  3. National Economic wealth since 1993– 70 % increase Natural resource capital **Net present value **Oil and gas **Hydro power **Fisheries **Agriculture **Forestry Produced capital – **national accounts Financial assets **Net foreign assets Human capital **Residual –npv - infinity

  4. The Norwegian indicator commission -16 indicators policy oriented capital approach

  5. The Norwegian sustainable indicators -18 indicators

  6. The Norwegian sustainable indicators -18 Blue-positive Red-negative

  7. Heterogeneity - 64 – indicators and statistics • 2. International cooperation for sustainable development and combating poverty • 2.1. Norwegian official development assistance, in NOK and as percentage of gross national income. 1991-2009 • 2.2. Imports from least developed countries (LDCs) and from other developing countries. 1992-2008. NOK billion • 3. Climate, ozone and long-range air pollution • 3.1. Norwegian emissions of greenhouse gases compared with the Kyoto Protocol target. 1987-2008. Million tonnes CO2 equivalents • 3.2. Atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii. March 1958-February 2009. ppm • 3.3. Global mean temperature. 1850-2008 • 3.4. Emission of greenhouse gases in Norway, by source. 1990-2008. Million tonnes CO2-equivalents • 3.5. Global CO2 emissions. 1751-2006. Million tonnes carbon • 3.6. Emissions of CO2 from combustion of fossil fuels. Selected countries and regions. 2006. Tonnes per capita • 3.7. Norwegian emissions of NOx, NH3, SO2 and NMVOCs compared with the Gothenburg Protocol commitment. 1 000 tonnes • 3.8. Emissions of acidifying substances in Norway. 1 000 tonnes acid equivalents. 1980-2008 • 3.9. Emissions of SOx. EMEP region. 1980-2006 and projections to 2010 and 2020. 1 000 tonnes • 3.10. Percentage of Norway’s land area where critical loads for acidification are exceeded. • 3.11. TOFP-values 1990-2008. Index, 1990=1 • 4. Biodiversity and cultural heritage • 4.1. Bird population index – population trends for breeding bird species in terrestrial ecosystems (forest, mountain, farmland) • 4.2. Important impact factors for Norwegian Red List species. • 4.3. Wilderness-like areas in Norway. 1900, 1940 and 2003 • 4.4. Principle drawing for calculation of the Nature Index • 4.5. Nature Index for middle parts of Norway. • 4.6. Proportion of the area of inland and coastal water bodies and proportion of river length classified as “not at risk”. Per cent • 4.7. Water regions in Norway • 4.7. Percentage of Norwegian water bodies classified as “not at risk” of failing to meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive in 2015. Inland water bodies and coastal waters, by river basin district. • 4.9. Standards of maintenance of protected buildings as per May 2009. Number of buildings

  8. Heterogeneity - 64 – indicators and statistics • 5. Natural resources • 5.1. Energy use per unit GDP and total energy use (PJ) for renewable and non-renewable energy sources. 1976-2007 • 5.2. Energy use in selected countries and regions. 2006. Kg oil equivalents (kgoe) per capita • 5.3. Production of oil and gas, energy use in production and energy use per unit produced on the Norwegian continental shelf. 1990-2008. Index, 1990=1 • 5.4. Use of energy per unit value added in industry and commerce outside oil and gas production, and household energy use per capita. Indices, 1990=1 • 5.5. World energy use 1965-2007. Million tonnes oil equivalents • 5.6. Extraction and use of energy goods in Norway. 1970-2008. PJ • 5.7. Size of spawning stock of Northeast Arctic cod and Norwegian spring-spawning herring, compared with the precautionary reference points (Bpa). Million tonnes • 5.8. Quotas and landings. Northeast Arctic cod. 1978-2009. 1 000 tonnes • 5.9. Quotas and landings. Norwegian spring-spawning herring. 1978-2009. 1 000 tonnes • 5.10. Size of spawning stock of North Sea herring (autumn spawners) and North Sea cod compared with the precautionary reference points (Bpa). 1963-2008 • 5.11. Size of spawning stock of Barents Sea capelin compared with the critical reference point. 1973-2008. 1 000 tonnes • 5.12. Loss of cultivated and cultivable land in accordance with the Planning and Building • Act and the Land Act. 1976-2008. Decares • 6. Hazardous chemicals • 6.1. Releases of hazardous substances 2002-2007 relative to the 2002 level, split by hazard categories (index 2002=1), and releases by hazard categories in 2002 and 2007. Tonnes • 6.2. Releases from dominant product categories, by hazard categories, 2007. Percentages • 6.3. Releases from manufacturing industry and other industries, by hazard categories, 2007. Percentages • 6.4. Concentration of short and medium chained polychlorinated paraffins in cod liver from five localities along the Norwegian coast. Ng (nanogrammes)/g lipid • 7. Sustainable economic and social development • 7.1. Net national income in NOK per capita, by sources of income. 1986-2008. Constant 2008 prices • 7.2. National wealth, by type of capital. 1986-2008. NOK 1 000 per capita. Fixed 2008- prices • 7.3 Trends in income distribution. 1986-2007 • 7.4. Real income after taxes per for persons in different categories of the income distribution. Per cent • 7.5. Generational accounts: Need to tighten public sector finances as a share of GDP • 7.6. Growth in employment in public services. 2007-2060. Index, 2007=1 • 7.7. Population (aged 16 years and over) by highest level of educational attainment • 7.8. Persons in the age group 25-64 years with tertiary education. OECD countries. 2006. Per cent • 7.9. Disability pensioners and long-term unemployed persons as a percentage of the population • 7.10. Seasonally adjusted unemployment in selected countries. 2004-2009. Per cent of the work force • 7.11. Life expectancy at birth. 1825-2008 • 7.12. Percentage of population with health problems that influence every day life to a great degree, by age groups and sex. • 7.13. Percentage of population with different diseases, by age groups. 2008 • 7.14. Percentage of Norwegian population with overweight (BMI<=27). Men and women.

  9. Summary • The capital approach “is the basis” ? • More flow indicators than stock indicators • Work in progress • Heterogeneity and aggregation – valuation • Human capital • Nothing on social capital so far

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