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Image Interpretation for Weather Analysis

Image Interpretation for Weather Analysis. Part I 21 October 2010 Dr. Steve Decker. Two Kinds. Polar Orbiting Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) NOAA-19 (2009) [NOAA-18 and older provide backup] MetOp-A (2006) Two in operation at one time

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Image Interpretation for Weather Analysis

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  1. Image Interpretation for Weather Analysis Part I 21 October 2010 Dr. Steve Decker

  2. Two Kinds • Polar Orbiting • Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) • NOAA-19 (2009) [NOAA-18 and older provide backup] • MetOp-A (2006) • Two in operation at one time • Sun-synchronous - 2:30 and 7:30 • To be replaced by NPOES in 2014 • Geostationary • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) • How does a geostationary orbit work?

  3. Meet the GOES Satellites • GOES 11, 2000/2006, 135°W, 2nd gen. • Current GOES-West • GOES 12, 2001/2003, 60°W, 2nd gen. • Was GOES-East, now covering South America • GOES 13, 2006/2010, 75°W, 3rd gen. • Current GOES-East • GOES 14, 2009, 3rd gen. • GOES 15, 2010, 3rd gen. • Fourth generation (GOES-R / GOES-NEXT) scheduled for launch in 2014

  4. Meet the GOES Satellites • GOES 11, 2000/2006, 135°W, 2nd gen. • Current GOES-West • GOES 12, 2001/2003, 60°W, 2nd gen. • Was GOES-East, now covering South America • GOES 13, 2006/2010, 75°W, 3rd gen. • Current GOES-East • GOES 14, 2009, 3rd gen. • GOES 15, 2010, 3rd gen. • Fourth generation (GOES-R / GOES-NEXT) scheduled for launch in 2014

  5. Meet the GOES Satellites • GOES 11, 2000/2006, 135°W, 2nd gen. • Current GOES-West • GOES 12, 2001/2003, 60°W, 2nd gen. • Was GOES-East, now covering South America • GOES 13, 2006/2010, 75°W, 3rd gen. • Current GOES-East • GOES 14, 2009, 3rd gen. • GOES 15, 2010, 3rd gen. • Fourth generation (GOES-R / GOES-NEXT) scheduled for launch in 2014

  6. Improvement Example • Registration GOES-12 vs. GOES-13

  7. GOES Image Frequency • Standard Operations • Every 30 minutes for CONUS • Every three hours for full disk (takes 26 minutes) • Rapid Scan Operations • Every 5 to 15 minutes for CONUS • Super Rapid Scan Operations • Every minute for small region • Example: Hurricane Frances

  8. Common Channels • Visible • 0.65 μm (red) • Infrared (IR) • 10.7 μm • Water Vapor • 6.7 μm • Shortwave IR • 3.9 μm

  9. Visible Channel • Measures amount of sunlight reflected • Approximates Earth’s albedo • Clouds • Thick: High albedo  White • Thin: Moderate albedo  Light or medium gray • Ocean: Low albedo  Black • Land: Variable albedo  Shades of gray

  10. Sun Angle Effects • Brightness varies by time of day • “Terminator”: sunrise/sunset line • Cloud shadows • Bumpy cloud top  lumpy depiction • Flat cloud top  smooth depiction • Sunglint • Brighter  smoother sea

  11. Sun Angle Effects • Brightness varies by time of day • “Terminator”: sunrise/sunset line • Cloud shadows • Bumpy cloud top  lumpy depiction • Flat cloud top  smooth depiction • Sunglint • Brighter  smoother sea

  12. Infrared Channel • Amount of radiation received by satellite with λ=10.7 μm • Combination of surface and cloud-top temperatures • For monochrome images, colder temperatures are brighter • Why? • Snow vs low clouds vs land

  13. IR Enhancement

  14. IR Enhancement

  15. IR Enhancement

  16. IR Enhancement

  17. IR Enhancement

  18. IR Enhancement

  19. Geographic Features • Background for the weather features • Coasts • Vis: Sudden change from dark (ocean) to light (land) • IR: At night, land is often colder (brighter) than water. Vice versa during daytime. • Lakes • Vis: Shows ice-cover (bright)

  20. Geographic Features • Background for the weather features • Coasts • Vis: Sudden change from dark (ocean) to light (land) • IR: At night, land is often colder (brighter) than water. Vice versa during daytime. • Lakes • Vis: Shows ice-cover (bright)

  21. Geographic Features • Background for the weather features • Coasts • Vis: Sudden change from dark (ocean) to light (land) • IR: At night, land is often colder (brighter) than water. Vice versa during daytime. • Lakes • Vis: Shows ice-cover (bright)

  22. Another Example

  23. Geographic Features • Land type • Wooded  Darker on Vis • Sandy; little vegetation  Brighter on Vis • Heat islands • Dark spots in IR at night • Snow • Vis: Distinguishable from clouds in animations • Vis: Brighter in treeless areas

  24. Geographic Features • Land type • Wooded  Darker on Vis • Sandy; little vegetation  Brighter on Vis • Heat islands • Dark spots in IR at night • Snow • Vis: Distinguishable from clouds in animations • Vis: Brighter in treeless areas

  25. Geographic Features • Land type • Wooded  Darker on Vis • Sandy; little vegetation  Brighter on Vis • Heat islands • Dark spots in IR at night • Snow • Vis: Distinguishable from clouds in animations • Vis: Brighter in treeless areas

  26. Cloud Patterns • Cloud shield • Broad pattern with similar width in any direction • Cloud band • Continuous formation with a distinct long axis • Cloud line • Narrow cloud band (less than 60 n mi wide) • Cloud street • Narrow cloud band with distinct elements • Often come closely packed in parallel • Cloud element • Smallest resolvable cloud in imagery • Comma cloud • Spiraling cloud with at least one band, often shaped like a comma

  27. Cloud Streets

  28. Cloud Identification • Compare visible and infrared images • Brightness • Height and thickness • Texture • Visible only; shadows • Pattern • Edge definition • Size • Shape

  29. Identifying Stratiform Clouds • Stratus • Smooth, flat tops; low altitude • IR: Difficult to see • Vis: Often quite bright • Altostratus • Fog • Difficult to distinguish from stratus using Vis and IR • Motionless; evaporates from outside in • Valley fog

  30. Identifying Stratiform Clouds • Stratus • Smooth, flat tops; low altitude • IR: Difficult to see • Vis: Often quite bright • Altostratus • Fog • Difficult to distinguish from stratus using Vis and IR • Motionless; evaporates from outside in • Valley fog

  31. Identifying Cumuliform Clouds • Cumulus • Vis: Medium bright; lumpy • IR: Dark to medium gray; hard to see individual elements

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