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Boundless Lecture Slides

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Energy and Metabolism Metabolism Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Enzymes ] Metabolism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Metabolism > Energy and Metabolism Energy and Metabolism • The Role of Energy and Metabolism • Types of Energy • Metabolic Pathways • Metabolism of Carbohydrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/metabolism-6/energy-and-metabolism-68/

  6. Metabolism > Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • Free Energy • The First Law of Thermodynamics • The Second Law of Thermodynamics • Activation Energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/metabolism-6/potential-kinetic-free-and-activation-energy-69/

  7. Metabolism > ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/metabolism-6/atp-adenosine-triphosphate-71/

  8. Metabolism > Enzymes Enzymes • Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity • Control of Metabolism Through Enzyme Regulation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/metabolism-6/enzymes-72/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Metabolism Key terms • activation energyThe minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. • active siteThe active site is the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed. • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • allosteric siteA site other than the active site on an enzyme. • anabolismthe constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from catabolism • bioenergeticsthe study of the energy transformations that take place in living organisms • catabolismdestructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials • catalysisThe increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy. • chemical energyThe net potential energy liberated or absorbed during the course of a chemical reaction. • coenzymeAn organic molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function. • cofactorAn inorganic molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function. • endergonicDescribing a reaction that absorbs (heat) energy from its environment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Metabolism • endergonic reactionA chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed • energythe capacity to do work • energy couplingEnergy coupling occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system. • entropyA measure of randomness and disorder in a system. • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • exergonicDescribing a reaction that releases energy (heat) into its environment. • exergonic reactionA chemical reaction where the change in the Gibbs free energy is negative, indicating a spontaneous reaction • first law of thermodynamicsA version of the law of conservation of energy, specialized for thermodynamical systems, that states that the energy of an isolated system is constant and can neither be created nor destroyed. • free energyGibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric). • Gibbs free energyThe difference between the enthalpy of a system and the product of its entropy and absolute temperature • glucosea simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6; it is a principal source of energy for cellular metabolism • hydrolysisA chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Metabolism • induced fitProposes that the initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but that these weak interactions rapidly induce conformational changes in the enzyme that strengthen binding. • kinetic energyThe energy possessed by an object because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity. • metabolismthe complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells • potential energyEnergy possessed by an object because of its position (in a gravitational or electric field), or its condition (as a stretched or compressed spring, as a chemical reactant, or by having rest mass). • second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe since all energy transfers result in the loss of some usable energy. • substrateA reactant in a chemical reaction is called a substrate when acted upon by an enzyme. • transition stateAn intermediate state during a chemical reaction that has a higher energy than the reactants or the products. • workA measure of energy expended by moving an object, usually considered to be force times distance. No work is done if the object does not move. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Metabolism Activation energy in an endergonic reaction In this endergonic reaction, activation energy is still required to transform the reactants A + B into the product C. This figure implies that the activation energy is in the form of heat energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Endothermic Reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endothermic_Reaction.pngView on Boundless.com

  14. Metabolism Enzyme inhibition Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition affect the rate of reaction differently. Competitive inhibitors affect the initial rate, but do not affect the maximal rate, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors affect the maximal rate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Enzymes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/Figure_06_05_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Metabolism Vitamins Vitamins are important coenzymes or precursors of coenzymes and are required for enzymes to function properly. Multivitamin capsules usually contain mixtures of all the vitamins at different percentages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Enzymes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/Figure_06_05_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Metabolism Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions Exergonic and endergonic reactions result in changes in Gibbs free energy. Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy to proceed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Metabolism The system and surroundings A basic diagram showing the fundamental distinction between the system and its surroundings in thermodynamics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WikiPedia."System Boundary."CC BY 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:System_boundary.svgView on Boundless.com

  18. Metabolism Rocket launch The powerful chemical reaction propelling the rocket lets off tremendous heat to the surroundings and does work on the surroundings (the rocket) as well. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com File:Soyuz TMA-05M rocket launches from Baikonur 4.jpg."File:Soyuz TMA-05M rocket launches from Baikonur 4.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-05M_rocket_launches_from_Baikonur_4.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Metabolism Allosteric inhibitors and activators Allosteric inhibitors modify the active site of the enzyme so that substrate binding is reduced or prevented. In contrast, allosteric activators modify the active site of the enzyme so that the affinity for the substrate increases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Enzymes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/Figure_06_05_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Metabolism Activation energy Activation energy is the energy required for a reaction to proceed; it is lower if the reaction is catalyzed. The horizontal axis of this diagram describes the sequence of events in time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Metabolism Feedback inhibition Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes. Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an earlier step, is an important regulatory mechanism in cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Enzymes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/Figure_06_05_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Metabolism Most energy comes from the sun, either directly or indirectly Most life forms on earth get their energy from the sun. Plants use photosynthesis to capture sunlight, and herbivores eat those plants to obtain energy. Carnivores eat the herbivores, and decomposers digest plant and animal matter. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy and Metabolism. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/View on Boundless.com

  23. Metabolism Energy Coupling Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44427/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  24. Metabolism Potential energy vs. kinetic energy Water behind a dam has potential energy. Moving water, such as in a waterfall or a rapidly flowing river, has kinetic energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Metabolism Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell. It has an adenosine backbone with three phosphate groups attached. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44427/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  26. Metabolism Entropy Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. Gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have higher entropy than solids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Laws of Thermodynamics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44424/latest/Figure_06_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Metabolism Eating provides energy for activities like flight A hummingbird needs energy to maintain prolonged periods of flight. The hummingbird obtains its energy from taking in food and transforming the nutrients into energy through a series of biochemical reactions. The flight muscles in birds are extremely efficient in energy production. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44421/latest/Figure_06_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Metabolism All living things use carbohydrates as a form of energy. Plants, like this oak tree and acorn, use energy from sunlight to make sugar and other organic molecules. Both plants and animals (like this squirrel) use cellular respiration to derive energy from the organic molecules originally produced by plants Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy and Metabolism. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/Figure_06_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Metabolism The first law of thermodynamics Shown are two examples of energy being transferred from one system to another and transformed from one form to another. Humans can convert the chemical energy in food, like this ice cream cone, into kinetic energy by riding a bicycle. Plants can convert electromagnetic radiation (light energy) from the sun into chemical energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Laws of Thermodynamics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44424/latest/Figure_06_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Metabolism Chemical energy The molecules in gasoline (octane, the chemical formula shown) contain chemical energy. This energy is transformed into kinetic energy that allows a car to race on a racetrack. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_06_03_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Metabolism Endergonic and Exergonic Processes Shown are some examples of endergonic processes (ones that require energy) and exergonic processes (ones that release energy). These include (a) a compost pile decomposing, (b) a chick hatching from a fertilized egg, (c) sand art being destroyed, and (d) a ball rolling down a hill. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/Figure_B06_03_05abcd_new.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Metabolism Induced Fit According to the induced fit model, both enzyme and substrate undergo dynamic conformational changes upon binding. The enzyme contorts the substrate into its transition state, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Enzymes. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/Figure_06_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Metabolism Anabolic and catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways are those that require energy to synthesize larger molecules. Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules. Both types of pathways are required for maintaining the cell's energy balance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy and Metabolism. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/Figure_06_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Metabolism Attribution • Wiktionary."bioenergetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bioenergetics • Wiktionary."metabolism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metabolism • Wiktionary."energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/energy • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy and Metabolism. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44421/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."adenosine triphosphate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adenosine%20triphosphate • Wiktionary."NADPH."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/NADPH • Wiktionary."glucose."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucose • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."enzyme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enzyme • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."anabolism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anabolism • Wiktionary."catabolism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catabolism • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Energy."CC BY-SA 4.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy • Wikipedia."kinetic energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinetic%20energy • Wikipedia."potential energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/potential%20energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  35. Metabolism • Wiktionary."chemical energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemical_energy • Wikipedia."endergonic reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endergonic%20reaction • Wikipedia."exergonic reaction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/exergonic%20reaction • Wiktionary."Gibbs free energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."transition state."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transition_state • Wiktionary."catalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catalysis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax, Biology. September 29, 2015."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.87 • Wiktionary."activation energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/activation_energy • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44425/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."first law of thermodynamics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/first%20law%20of%20thermodynamics • Wiktionary."work."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/work • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44424/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."second law of thermodynamics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/second%20law%20of%20thermodynamics • Wikipedia."entropy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropy • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44424/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."induced fit."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/induced%20fit • Wikipedia."active site."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/active%20site • Wiktionary."substrate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/substrate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  36. Metabolism • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44429/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."cofactor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cofactor • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/allosteric-site • Wiktionary."coenzyme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coenzyme • Wiktionary."endergonic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endergonic • Wiktionary."free energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free_energy • Wiktionary."exergonic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exergonic • Wiktionary."hydrolysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrolysis • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/energy-coupling • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44427/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 21, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44427/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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