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Chemical and biological monitoring for the marine ecosystem health assessment

Definition of monitoring. Monitoring has been defined by UNEP as: "the process of repetitive observing for defined purposes, of one or more elements of the environment, according to prearranged schedules in space and in time and using comparable methodologies for environmental sensing and data col

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Chemical and biological monitoring for the marine ecosystem health assessment

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    1. Chemical and biological monitoring for the marine ecosystem health assessment Eugeniusz Andrulewicz Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology

    2. Definition of monitoring Monitoring has been defined by UNEP as: ”the process of repetitive observing for defined purposes, of one or more elements of the environment, according to prearranged schedules in space and in time and using comparable methodologies for environmental sensing and data collection"

    3. Relationship of monitoring to the decission making process

    4. Identification of the main marine environmental cocerns problems Case: Baltic Sea Enhanced eutrophication Chemical contamination Overfishing Oil pollution Loss of biological diversity Alien species Sanitary pollution of coastal waters Physical disturbance of habitats Other (e.g. artificial radionuclides, dumped chemical weapon)

    5. Components of monitoring programmes Monitoring guidelines: sample collection, s. preservation, sample storage and analysis Quality Assurance Programme Data reporting: data formats Data banking: data storage and some processing ability Assessment of results: scientific/background assessment, executive assessment, popular assessment

    6. Usual monitoring meteorological observations Wind speed Wind direction Barotropic pressure Precipitation and evaporation Solar radiation Cloudiness Air temperature Humidity

    7. Usual monitoring chemical parameters Oxygen Hydrogen sulphide pH Alkalinity Total inorganic carbon Nutrients

    8. Usual monitoring biological parameters Primary production Chlorophyll a Phytoplankton (species composition and biomass) Zooplancton Macrozoobenthos Ichthyophauna

    9. Usual monitoring pollution parameters Trace metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, other) POPs (s-DDT, s-PCB, g-HCH, HCB, other) Petroleum hydrocarbons (Tot.UVF, PAHs) Antropogenic radionulides (Cs-132, Cs-134, Cs-137, Sr-90, K-40, Tc-99, Pu-239/240, Am-241/242, Co-60,Po-210, Ra-224/226, U-233)

    10. Additional information needed for data interpretation Geographical coordinates during sapling Methods of samling Methods of preservation Methods of pretreatment Methods of analyses Detection limits Qality assurance information Other relevant information

    11. Monitoring lagoons Considerable differences from marine and/or freshwater conditions may be expected ! e.g. usual problems when analysing nutrients: usually very high concentrations usually high water turbidity usually change of water colour (e.g. due to humic substances) usually there is a need for a long storage before delivering samples for analysis in laboratoery Usually necessry to design specific monitoring scheme !

    12. Modelling Anthropogenic load models Analyses and model predictions Operational forecasting models Modelling for cost effective measures of reduction of discharges Pre-operational models for for ecology and water quality Be craeful about data you accept for modelling

    13. Introduction of new monitoring techniques Introduction of new analytical techniques and sensors Installation of automatic buoys Ships of oppotunity profiles Satellite images Towards timely/online/ operational monitoring programme

    14. Environmental assessments Regional approach Types of assessment (scientific/background assessment, executive summary, popular assessment, idicator-based assessment, rapid assessment) Towards integrated assessments

    15. Scientific support and scientific advice to monitoring programmes National Scientific Institutions/projects: universities, institutes, laboratories, research projects International advisors: ICES (monitoring system design, fishery, biology, chemistry), IAEA (radionuclides), EU JRC (eutrophication, satellite pictures), NILU (atmosphere) Various EU funded research projects

    16. European seas health assessment How to do it ?

    17. European seas monioring programs Monitoing of commertial fish stock assessment of the the North-East Atlantic and adjacent seas The oldest international monitoring programme based on national montoring programmes and fish surveys (coordinated and assessed by ICES) International monitoring programmes related to environment (pollution) Baltic Sea (HELCOM) North Sea and Northern Atlantic (OSPAR) Arctic Seas (AMAP) Mediterranean Sea (MED. POL) Black Sea (Bucharest Convention) US EPA Coastal Monitoring Programme

    20. HELCOM Monitoring Programme (COMBINE) Baltic Monitoring Programme: Hydrology, chemistry, biology Pollution Load Compillation (PLC): River discharges and atmospheric fallout Coastal Monitoring Programme: Chemistry, biology, nature conservation elements Monitorinng of Radioactive Substances (MORS): man made radionulclides

    21. HELCOM Periodic Assessments „0” Background Assessment, 1981 1st Periodic Assessment, 1987 2nd Periodic Assessment, 1990 3rd Periodic Assessment, 1996 4th Periodic Assessment, 2002 Specific assessments: coastal waters, radioactivity, ediments From hydrological, chemical and biological approach to ecosystem-based approach

    22. North-East Atlantic Monitoring Programme (OSPAR) The Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme (JMAP) Comprehensive Atmospheric Monitoring Programme (CAMP) Comprehensive Study on Riverine Input and Direct Discharges (RID) Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme (CEMP)

    23. Arctic Seas (AMAP) monitoring programme Established in 1991 to implement Artic Environmental Protection Strategy The marine areas north of the Aleutian chain, Hudson Bay, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean including the Labrador Sea, Norwegian Sea, White Sea Current objectives: - Provide information on the status and threat of Arctic environment - Provide scientific advise on actions to be taken - To take remedied and preventive actions relating to contaminants

    24. Mediterranean Monitoring Programme (Barcelona Convention,1976/1995) The Programme for the Assessment and Control of Pollution in the Mediterranean Region (MED POL) Monitoring and Research Programme of the Mediterranean Action Plan: pollution assessment programme

    25. Black Sea (under Bucharest Convention, 1992) Protection of Black Sea against pollution The Black Sea Ecosystem recovery Project (BSERB) developed under the auspecies of GEF and implemented by UNDP The Black Sea transboundary diagnostic Analysis (eutrophication and biodiversity problems)

    26. Global International Water Assessment Global International Water Assessments (GIWA) 62 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Baltic Oceanographic Operational Systyem (BOOS)

    27. Present environmental status of the Baltic Sea Region (according to GIWA) “Severe” (Score 3) - Eutrophication - Over-exploitation of fish resources Moderate” (Score 2) - Pollution of existing supplies - Chemical pollution of marine area - Oil spills at sea - Modification of ecosystems or ecotones - Decreased viability of fish stock through pollution and disease - Impact on biological and genetic diversity   “Slight” (score 1) - Modification of stream flow - Changes in the water table - Microbiological pollution - Suspended solids - Solid wastes - Radionuclides - Loss of ecosystems - Excessive by-catch and discards - Destructive fishing practices “No known” (score 0) - Thermal pollution - Sea level change - Increased uv-b radiation as a result of ozone depletion

    28. Global Ocean Observing System GOOS, 1991 Service to the marine industry: shipping, recreation, pollution, accidents, safety, fishing, unusual events Integrating existing observational systems, establish marine data base, give reliable and on-line/timely descriptions, provide prognosis, climate change, management of marine resources, military uses Use of remotely sensed data (radar, satellites) Optimisation of existing models, ecological modelling, HABs, anthropogenic load model

    29. Baltic Sea (BOOS) demonstration area Already collected and processed following observational/monitoring data Water exchanges Water levels Seabad oxygen Sea surface temperature Ice covers River discharges Wave forecast Nutrient transports Storm surge warnings Flood protection Rescue operations Algae blooms

    30. Thank you for your attention

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