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Friday September 22nd

Friday September 22nd. John Keenan John.keenan@newman.ac.uk. Levels of the written code Grapho -phonemic Morphological Lexical Syntactic Subtextual – blocks paragraphs, scenes Textual – whole texts Contextual R Andrews, Teaching and Learning English, London: Continuum, p61.

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Friday September 22nd

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  1. Friday September 22nd John Keenan John.keenan@newman.ac.uk

  2. Levels of the written code Grapho-phonemic Morphological Lexical Syntactic Subtextual – blocks paragraphs, scenes Textual – whole texts Contextual R Andrews, Teaching and Learning English, London: Continuum, p61

  3. What is Language?

  4. ‘an artificial system of signs and symbols, with rules’ Chambers cited in Harley p.8

  5. Language form content use phon/graphology syntax semanticspragmatics morphology Owens, p.19

  6. Graphology/Phonology Phonemes - smallest unit of speech Graphemes - smallest unit of written language eg alphabet

  7. Morphology Morphemes - smallest grammatical unit with meaning Prefixes and suffixes - bound Ing Ed ly Words – free Train Ship Bar

  8. The word – a sign – consists of phonemes/graphemes/morphemes

  9. Semiotics Ferdinand de Saussure Language is a system of signs A sign is the basic element of meaning

  10. pipe

  11. The creator of language is the encoder The receiver is the decoder The creator must make sure the code is understood.

  12. c o t

  13. Sign signifier (DENOTATION) signified (CONNOTATION)

  14. c o t

  15. Signs are polysemic. They only make sense when we consider the paradigm (other choices) and syntagm (context in which they appear) temptation Teacher’s pet Clean teeth healthy food

  16. Semantic markers kicked the ball went to the ball ball - sphere, small, used in games, physical object ball - dance event Kick and went Katz and Fodor 1963 in Harley p.185

  17. I am going to eat an apple

  18. syntagm I am going to eat an I am going to switch on my

  19. Syntagmatic - context Paradigmatic – other choices

  20. syntagm

  21. syntagm

  22. syntagm

  23. paradigm Syntagm = given by a man to his girlfriend

  24. ‘The sign’s meaning doesn’t arise within it, but from the entire system of relationships within which it exists, giving it value’ Thwaites T (1994) Tools for Cultural Studies, London: Macmillan, p34

  25. Syntax Rule Each sentence must contain a noun phrase and a verb phrase Noun phrase article adjective noun Verb phrase verb adverb Grammar…coming soon…..

  26. Class Clause Sentence Paragraph

  27. ‘a visiting Martian would surely conclude that aside their mutually unintelligible vocabularies, Earthlings speak a single language’ Pinker, 1994: p.232 cited in Harley, p.100

  28. ‘ask Jabbe if the boy who is unhappy is watching Mickey Mouse’ Steven Pinker The Language Instinct

  29. ‘Colourless green ideas sleep furiously’ Noam Chomsky

  30. Word Classes What are the 7 word classes?

  31. Word Classes • Article/Determiner • Noun/Pronoun • Adjective • Verb • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction Challenge - 2 word acrostic that makes sense

  32. Word Classes • Verb = a word that shows an action or a state of being. • Determiner (article) = a word that goes in front of a noun to add detail. • Noun = a word that names a thing, person or place. Pronoun = a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. • Adjective = a word that describes a noun or pronoun. • Adverb = a word that describes any word class apart from a noun or pronoun. • Preposition = a word that shows the relationship of one thing to another in time or space. • Conjunction = a word that links parts of a sentence together.

  33. ‘round’ noun verb preposition adjective adverb

  34. around of drinks noun to round a corner verb round the house preposition round ball adjective all year round adverb

  35. Word Classes • The cat sat on the mat. • A huge storm dramatically appeared off the coast of Scotland.

  36. Word Classes • The cat sat on the mat. Determiner noun verb preposition determiner noun

  37. Word Classes • A huge storm dramatically appeared Determiner adjective noun adverb verb off the coast of Scotland preposition determiner noun preposition noun

  38. To make the rich and intense sauce, melt Infinitive verb determiner adjective conjunction the unsalted French butter and add the finely chopped onion, freshly squeezed garlic and a fresh bay leaf.

  39. To make the rich and intense sauce, melt Infinitive determiner adjective conjunction adjective noun verb the unsalted French butter and add the finely Determiner adjective adjective noun conjunction verb determiner adverb chopped onion, freshly squeezed garlic and a adjective noun adverb adjective noun conjunction determiner fresh bay leaf. Adjective adjective noun

  40. Nouns Proper noun = a name or title Abstract noun = an idea Concrete noun = something that exists

  41. Democracy • Shakespeare • Justice • McDonald’s • Chair • Spider • Happiness • London • Germany • Oxygen • Peace • Bread

  42. Spot the Verb Imagine, Mulder said, a group of men, extremely devout men, confined for so long in a single room. The kiva. Imagine, as he had already mentioned to Scully, the energy they must create and radiate as they perform the rituals required of their faith. Suppose, then, there are moments during that time when the energy can no longer be confined but its excess escapes through the hole in the ceiling. It can dissipate. Maybe someone nearby feels a little discomfort, but nothing more. They might blame it on the wind.

  43. Imagine, Mulder said, a group of men, extremely devout men, confined for so long in a single room. The Kiva. Imagine, as he had already mentioned to Scully, the energy they must create and radiate as they perform the rituals required of their faith. Suppose, then, there are moments during that time when the energy can no longer be confined but its excess escapes through the hole in the ceiling. It can dissipate. Maybe someone nearby feels a little discomfort, but nothing more. They might blame it on the wind.

  44. Helping ( modal auxiliary verb) – helps main verb to express meaning. Were – might – have – been are all verbs They were jumping They weren’t jumping They have been jumping They might have been jumping They mightn’t have been working

  45. Verbs Main verb Imperative – a verb as an order Modal Auxiliary verb – goes before a main verb Infinitive – To+verb

  46. Verbs Main verb e.g. Write, thought, walk Imperative e.g. Go, Think, Jump Modal Auxiliary verb e.g. May, could, might, ought Infinitive e.g. To go, to be, to think

  47. Verbs • I write the letter. • I should write the letter. • To write a letter can sometimes be difficult. • Write the letter now.

  48. Clauses A clause is a group of words often including a VERB: • Shelosther temper • Trudging up the stairs • After he had eaten breakfast • She was looking forward to the party

  49. One subject per clause The car cost nearly ten thousand pounds The frying pan fell on the floor I like bananas She slowly opened the door Everybody went to the party Cheese and crisps are for sale A very wide range of CDs is on sale You’ve met my rottweiler We have a puncture

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